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TRANSITION 




The Man of Yestoiay, of To-Day, and of Morrow. 



SECOND EDITION 



UK. J. N. CADIEUX. 



Instead of orderinu mea to rise above their circumstances, which few 
.•an or will do. political phlloBOphy seeks to alter Iho circumstances, and 
through Ihem affect the men. by preveBtin* any from bolng exposed to 
temptations beyond tliHr Btrencth." 



Labor Omnia Viticitl 



To THE PEOPLE, To THOSE who have aCFPEBED. 

THIS LITTLE WORK IS 

rjrjIBLV AND RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED 



1SSO . 
•Hf'M'Lt P»!>T. KCBBMOr, WW 






^ 



V 



PREFACE. 

"So long as there shall ex>'<t, through the oper?tion of laws 
and of manners, a soci il c n I a ig hell 

on earth, m the full light of civilization, and coo plic iling with 
human fatality the destiny which is divine ; so long as the 
three problems of the age : the degradation of man by beg- 
gary and intemperance, the ruin of women by starvation, the 
wasting away of children by moral darkness, shall not be 
solved ; so long as, in certain regions, social asphyxia shall 
be possible ; in other words, and from a yet more extended 
point of view, so long as ignorance and misery shall exist, 
pages such as these cannot be usc.css And, while the au- 
thor's sole aim is to seriously work for public good, he takes 
the liberty, in intervening paragraphs, to show how local 
dwarfs might become Titans, and Pharisees of pretended 
higher lineage may become real Christians." 



INTRODUCTION. 

Doctor Martyn Payne says: "There are no violent 
transitions in nature. The natural existences, especially the 
organic, pass gradually, as it were, into each other ; and so, it 
cannot be doubted, it is with the immaterial, from brute to 
man, from man to angels, from angels to God." 

The politico-social conservatives of our days, as their 
prototypes of yore, not only clamor against violent transi- 
tions, but refuse to accept gradual passage, are totally deaf to 
progressive movements if it is to be made at the loss of mat- 
ter, — gold. They, therefore, deny the existence of God ! — 
if they accept the material in preference to the immaterial ; 
they refuse to recognize the infinite above — the Creator of 
the universe, since they do not recognize the infinite below. — 
the soul ! They will sacrifice their whole life's labor for the 
progress of the material, hence Pantheism— ATHEISM. It 
is this I wish to attack ! 

In the course of the following pages I may say disagree- 
able things to the parvenu ; the conceited, ignorant arid ego- 
tistical conservative ; and I will, no doubt, subject myself to 
severe criticism from them, this is what I expect, — nay, all 
true and firm, refortnsrs must expect persecution. I have 
lived forty years but I have seen sixty. I have been through 
many transitions ; I have suffered and battled on many fields 
of contest in army and social life ; I have tasted of the sweet 
and the bitter cup. Many a struggle I have had with relig- 
ious, fanatics, bigots, hypocrites, fiendish slanderers, masked 
enemies, but I have always emerged triumphant from the 
mire in which they had thrown me — in public opinion, and, 
with an ever hoping courage, I have learned to fight with bet- 
ter skill, for the cause of the people! I have had a few days 
of joy in my adolesence, and many days of sorrow in my 
manhood ; it is why, I suppose, I love the sufferer — and never 
fearing the machiavelic traps, I offer my mite to relieve the 
oppressed. 



pabt first. 

The Man of Yesterday. 

i. 

THF NEW WORLD. 

"Mid the wild blasts and drifted snows. 
Free from their persecuting foes. 
In their rudo home* the pilgrim Birea 
Knelt to tliolr altars and to Bod.' 1 

The Scandinavians claim to have been the first discover- 
ers ol America. According to their traditions this continent 
was seen about the year iooo. by one Biorne, who had been 
driven to sea by a tempest. Sonore, son of a following settler, 
himself an Icelander, is said to have been the first child born 
upon our shore. No certainty can. however, be derived from 
these traditions. Many historians reject them all. The prob- 
able true history of America begins with its discovery by Col- 
umbus on Friday, October 12, 1492. Yet it is known that a 
navigator of Bristol, England, John Cabot, discovered the 
sterile regions of Labrador fourteen months before Columbus 
discovered this continent. His son, Sebastian Cabot, aged 21, 
discovered Newfoundland the same summer during which Col- 
umbus reached our shore. 

Quick (comparing the mode of locomotion and undertak- 
ing in those days) successive explorations were made by the 
Spaniards, French, English and Dutch. Now Cortez, now 
Pizarro, now Magellan. Again Ponce de Leon, in Florida, in 
1 512, whence he returned finding neither youth, gold nor 
glory which he Joolishly sought. Again we see Balboa, De- 
Navarez, Ferdinand DeSoto. Mclendcz, Cabrillo and Esprcjo 
trying fortunes which scorned at them. The French followed 
first Verrazani, next Jacques Cartier who ascended the St. 
Lawrence in 1535, to the Indian village Hochelaga, where now 
lies Montreal, which was named by the noble explorer of St. 
Malo, Mont Royal (Royal Mountain). This city is, in fact, 



6 THE NEW WORLD. 

built on a most lofty site, and with its many noble structures, 
churches, colleges, its lovely parks and lovely driving grounds, 
its palatial residences, its noble port, and its finest wharyefl, 
and grandest bridge in the world, is, on this continent the city 
most admired by foreign travelers. 

John Ribaut, under the auspices of Coligny lands at Port 
Royal, S. C. , Loudonniere, leader of Colonists, who 
were all massacred by the order of the cruel Melen- 
dez. DeMonts, founder of French Acadia, the home of 
Longfellow's Evangeline, and whose country was robbed, and 
whose inhabitants were treated so inhumanly by the ever 
tyranical and cruel English tories (in 1 863, while on a visit at 
Mr. Longfellow's home at Cambridge, the author of this 
book, conversing with his host on the merit of some of the 
French writers of Canada, mentioned the names of the two 
greatest poets of Canada, L. H. Frechette and Pamphile Lemay, 
and the poet of Cambridge naturally spoke at length of Mr. 
Lemay, the translator of his Evangeline; then Mr. Longfellow 
added: "I have received many inquiries from England as to 
the exact deeds of the English in French Acadia, doubting 
that civilized people could have been so fiendish; whereupon I 
answered, yes, my poem was founded on facts, cruel as they 
may appear, they were facts.") 

Champlain, who founded Quebec in 1608. The Jesuit Mis- 
sionaries, of whom I will speak in this work, followed in 1668 
and explored the great lakes, the Fox, Maumee, Wabash, 
Wisconsin and Illinois Rivers, and the Mississippi from the 
falls of St. Anthony to the Gulf, and had traversed a country 
which is now Louisiana, Arkansas, Mississippi, Iowa, Min- 
nesota, Nebraska, Kansas, Canada and Acadia. 

The English Frobisher, Sir Frances Drake, Sir H. Gil- 
bert, Sir Walter Raleigh, Gosnold, were also discoverers and 
explorers in the New World; the Dutch all the while manifes- 
ted no interest in regard to it, as if lager beer was ever the 
topic of nix van stan. However, an English navigator in their 
service, Capt. Henry Hudson, did much for them, and New 
Netherland was the result of his labor on the noble river he 
discovered; but the natal date of Americans as a people com- 
menced with the landing of the pilgrims. 

The different transitions the aborigines had experienced 
were so short and varied or disconnected, that the impressions 
were on their minds as a sword's stroke in the sand, but with 



THE NEW WOkl D 7 

the emigration of the Puritans dawned a new era for the New 
World. Win? Because the Dissenters or Non-Conformists, 
as they were called in England, were seeking for a land where 
they might worship God in their own way, and save their 
families from worldly lollies. America offered such a home. 
They came willing to face and endure every danger and hard 
ship, trusting to God their destinies; while their predecessors 
were, the most of them, longing and searching for worldly 
possessions. The former were the vanguard of free men, 
therefore of progressive transition and of lasting duration. The 
latter, the emissaries of kings ;\nd despots, therefore of ephe- 
meral transition and visible annihilation. 

One stormy night in December, 1620, the Mayflower, 
with a band of a hundred pilgrims, came to anchor in Cape 
Cod harbor. The little company drew up a Constitution in 
which they agreed to enact just and equal laws. They were 
earnest, sober-minded men, actuated by deep religious princi- 
ples, often mistaken, but true to their convictions always. 



II. 

RELIGIOUS INTOLERANCE. 



"What : preach and kidnap men ? 

Gi\o thunks.— mid rob thy own afflicted poor 



It is curious to observe how much this country was popu- 
lated in its earlier days by refugees for religious faith. The 
Puritans, the Hugcnots, the Quakers, the Presbyterians, the 
Catholics, the persecuted of every sect and creed, all flocked 
to this "home of the free." Yet how narrow in their views, 
how inconsistent, how intolerant in their conduct were many 
of them! Desiring to enjoy the freedom of conscience they 
sought in America, the Pilgrims were unwilling to grant this 
right to others, and none but members of the Puritan Church 
were allowed to vote 

The eloquent young minister, Roger Willi. mis, because 
of his religious liberty, was obliged to take to the woods in 
the depths of winter to escape his persecutors Anne Hutch 
inson was banished for similar acts. The (Quakers were 
whipped, imprisoned, banished and several executed because 
of their manner of worship 



8 RELIGIOUS INTOLERANCE. 

Lord Baltimore, it is known, took out a grant of land, 
under the Queen Henrietta Maria, and in whose honor he 
named Maryland, and called there the persecuted Catholics. 
The celebrated toleration law was passed in 1649, whereby all 
Christians could worship God according to their own con- 
sciences. Yet the Protestants having obtained a majority in 
the Assembly were so ungrateful in their power as to exclude 
Catholics from the Assembly, and even declared them outlaws, 
and the Catholics were disfranchised in the very province they 
had planted. Again we see how unworthy the name of man 
is he who once disenthralled and in power, wishes to make of 
his broken shackles fetters to bind the limbs of his brothers. 

But I will be told this is only one side of the medal ; if 
the Catholics of the New World suffered persecutions, those 
of the old held high carnivals. They revelled in the riches of 
their victims, and the inquisitions of Spain and of Rome have 
filled history with deeds, the recital of which makes one's 
blood run cold with terror, and cause the most indifferent to 
cry for vengeance. True, I admit those horrible facts, for just 
God ! — although all the waters of the Guadina or of the Tiber 
might pass over the pages of the history of Spain or Italy, 
they would not efface a single line of the atrocities committed 
there — in those dark days ; but it was so the world over. 
Wherever and whenever the cry "Ave Ccesar!" was heard, the 
echo of the human race responded "Ave Dolor!" 

While the Roman, the Neapolitan, the Castillian govern- 
ments toitured, the feudal system of France, the Russian 
serfdom, the English Toryism gloried in their despotism, 
America had the Puritan fanatiscism with their religious intol- 
erance, the Salem witchcraft whereby innocent people were 
hung, and monstrous slavery in which negroes were whipped 
to death, and wholesale robbery of the Indian of his domain. 
But all those horrors Were to disappear ; the great clock of 
Time cannot be stayed ; its hands are forever marking on the 
dial of the universe the different hours of civilization, which 
are leading us on, through a transition of progress — to per- 
fection. How were these victories to be achieved? Let us see. 



III. 



OM NOT 1 .IDERTY 



"Talk oi Thy glorious liberty, and then 
Bolt hard ilu- caiHlvo'adoor?" 



On the obscure strife, where men died by tens or by 
scores, hung questions of as deep import to posterity as on 
those mighty contests where carnage is reckoned by thou- 
sands. It is not the writer's purpose to enter upon subjects 
which have already been thoroughly developed, but to exhibit 
facts already known, and place them, if possible, in a more 
clear and just light. 

The French dominion on this Continent is a memory of 
the past, and, when we evoke its departed shades, they rise in 
a strange romantic guise. Their ghostly camp-fires seem to 
burn again, and the fitful light is cast around on lord and vas- 
sal, and black-robed priest, mingled with wild forms of savage 
warriors, knit in close fellowship on the same stern errand. 
An untamed continent is before us ; vast wastes of forest ver- 
dure, mountains silent in primeval sleep ; rivers, lakes and 
glimmering pools ; wilderness oceans mingling with the sky. 
Such was the domain which France conquered (or civilization. 
History tells us that those intrepid French pioneers, with the 
civilization entered the virgin forests of the North to 
• uls to Christianity, and territories for France. We sec 
the Marquettes and the Lassalles amidst the great lakes and 
the immense prairies of the West, discovering the richest 
countries of the world, enlightening the savage nations, laying 
the foundations of immense cities and planting at the peril of 
their lives, the banner of Christ beside the tricolor of France 
in the farthest regions, and among the most ferocious tribes 
f the 



10 FREEDOM NOf LIBERTY. 

These men, and their successors, steeped in antique learn- 
ing, pale with the close breath of the cloister, here spent the 
noon and evening of their lives, ruled savage hordes with a 
mild parental sway, and stood serene before the direst shapes 
of death. Oh! that such dauntless spirits who have, by their 
hardihood, put to shame the boldest sons of toil should have 
striven to grasp a continent with vague hopes and ill-restricted 
powers instead of working for the thorough emancipation of 
the emigrants and natives, the lord and vassal. Then a last- 
ing conquest would have been achieved for France, and 
blessed results obtained for their descendants on this con- 
finent. 

Vitalized by the principles of its foundation, the Puritan 
commonwealth grew apace. Patient industry need never 
doubt its reward. Assiduity in pursuit of gain was promoted 
to the rank of a duty, thrift and godliness were linked with 
them ; yet they were not fruitful in those salient forms of 
character which often give a dramatic life to the annals of na- 
tions far less prosperous. Why? Because the New Engend- 
ers, although politically free, did not . exercise liberty, and, 
outside of his family the hand of the selfish is cold, and has 
nothing to give. Socially, they suffered from that subtle and 
searching oppression which the dominant opinion of a free 
community may exercise over the members who compose it. 
Envy and jealousy on the part of the Mother country, tyr- 
ranny and absolutism on the part of her agents in the Colo- 
nies compelled the Americans to offer resistance. They be- 
lieved with the patriotic orator Henry, that when the prayers 
of an oppressed people are not heeded by despotic rulers, an 
appeal to arms is the only remedy. 

From the octogenarian down to the child of ten of our 
reading population, every one is familiar with the seven years' 
drama that followed. 

Although France had fallen here, out of her fall grew rev- 
olutions whose influences were felt over the civilized world; 
and from her midst the echo of the American cry, "To the 
Rescue !" responded by the voice of her TRUE patriots Lafay 
ette, Rochambeau, DeGrasse, and their noble followers. After 
having civilized and colonized America, France wished to do 
more, and her soldiers came and helped to seal with their 
blood, the Emancipation of the tew World! And amidst the 
storms of the ocean, perils of all kinds, appeared the noble 



FREEDOM NOT LIBERTY. II 

army of Frenchmen, headed by a young man who left a cher- 
ished wife, honors, luxuries and wealth for the ideal — liberty ! 
In the chaos of battle, amid clouds and lightning, we see him 
like a homeric hero behind the goddess; and in common 
brotherhood with the immortal Washington, THE BRAVE AND 
NOBLE LAFAYETTE TORE THE BRITISH FLAG OF WHICH HE 
CUT A PHRYGIAN CAP TO CROWN THE HEAD OF THE STATUE 
WHICH NOW SURMOUNTS THE CAPITOL AT WASHINGTON ! 

Happy TRANSITIONS in those clays of the American 
revolution ! 



paet second. 

The Man of To-Day. 
i. 

LIBERTY. 



'He Is a freeman whom the truth makes free. 
And all else are slaves beside." 



What is liberty? It is the power to exercise our intellec- 
tual and physical faculties, PROVIDED they arc exercised for 
the WELFARE OF HUMANITY AT LARGE. It teaches us that 
the duty of all partisans of the democratic republic is to seek 
for a declaration of the rights of man, so construed, as to be a 
formula of justice for EVERY ONE; that we should clearly see, 
thoroughly understand that justice consists in doing unto 
others as we wish others to do unto us, to respect the rights of 
others as our own; that whosoever practices justice, practices 
fraternity. 

Liberty tells us that labor only can create good things, 
useful or necessary to human life, which constitute wealth. 
That a man must desire to work inasmuch as he desires a 
greater part of riches, and that labor giving him the true 
measure of his need, he has, consequently, the right to enjoy a 
certain part of that wealth. That, to be just, the law must 
determine the value of the labor of each one, assign and se- 
cure to each one a part of proportional wealth to the value of 
his labor. Consequently, a political association in which the 
right of man to labor and the enjoyment and possession of 
wealth, legally proportional to the value of that labor is not 
guaranteed nor maintained by law, is not a democratic repub- 
lic, is not a society in accordance with justice. 

Liberty tends to show that no part of a people, nor indi- 



. RTY. 13 

3 should be privileged more than others, nor be exempt- 
ed from the law; that whosoever executes an order contrary to 
to his own rights or those of othkrs is a SLAVE or a VILE 
MERCENARY ! 

Liberty shows as clearly that an autocrat of a tavern or 

hop is no more legitimate than an autocrat ofa palace or 

castle, and, to humiliate oneself to his words or crawl at his 

commands for the sake of gold, is no less disgraceful than to 

cringe under the whip of an hospador or the scepter of a tyrant. 

It is when liberty is wanting among the people that the 
poor working men and women suiter horribly under the grasp 
o( hard hearted and avaricious petty tyrants. It is when indi- 
viduals are making twenty dollars, by the work of a laborer 
while they pay two dollars, that the former become thieves 
who rob imbeciles. And while these ignorant, aping aristo- 
crats are beastly drunk with materialism, giving sway to all 
their brutal passions, the attics and cellars of cities are filled 
with emaciated beings, who are so exhausted by their hard 
and long day's labor that they cannot sleep, especially when 
their scanty wages have not permitted them to appease their 
hunger! 

It is while the poor, haggard looking consumptive 
seamstress is bent over her needle, in a poorly-venti- 
lated, crowded room, preparing fine fallacies to cover the 
beautiful shoulders of some "fine" fair ladies, that the latter 
are palpitating with anxious expectations and anticipations of 
the next ball, the brilliant assemblage of the 'flower of 
society," and that "much fatigued" from reading the "last 
sensation," or the previous night's engagements, they recline 
with nonchalance upon their divan in the paradise boudoir, 
never thinking for a moment of the poor and the lonely. 
Alas! it is when a poor, miserable woman, who has been 
Vacked by the seducer, and who, in a moment of intense 
sorrow and suffering, hopes no longer in God, and falls for the 
sake of bread, or stimulated by the examples of her more for- 
tunate sisters in the world of fashion which her beauty wishes 
to follow in the extravagance of dressing, that she sells her 
virtue for gold, that slavery holds liberty by the throat ! 

But I will be told, "Education will level these difficulties, 
employ this arm in your war against evil and you will achieve 
the human victory you seek." Very true, education is a pow- 
erful means of civilization, it is the key to freedom: but docs 



14 EDUCATION. 

education in theory evade sorrows always, and does it not 
often allow evil to associate with good and drag it down in Its 
fall? At this point it is necessary, to be understood in our 
subject and in our object, to examine this great agency — edu- 
cation. 



II. 



EDUCATION. 



Ignorance is identified with.slnvery. 
Education with Liberty. 



The word education is formed from two latin words : — et 
ducere, to conduct, from educere, educare — which means to 
take from darkness and bring into light ; to conduct from 
ignorance to intelligence, from chaos to existence. 

Education is, properly speaking, the action to train a 
child, a youth ; to develop his physical, intellectual and moral 
faculties, so that he may become as he should be, a religious, 
intellectual, moral, physical and social man. Education pre-» 
pares the child for two successive existences ; there is in him 
an immortal spirit which is only passing in this world ; there 
is a weak creature which comes here to suffer, and to die. 

There is a general opinion among parents that the child 
cannot receive education before his intelligence is sufficiently 
developed, and, only when he shall have acquired enough 
tact, enough judgment to perceive the moral value of his 
actions, so that he may give an equal balance between the ad- 
vantages and inconveniences which may result from them. 



EDUCATION, 15 

Parents who thus reason know but two ways of acting upon 
the child : — Punishment for the fault, reward for the good act. 
They thus speak to instinct, not to intelligence. A wealth to 
acquire, a wrong to avoid; this i>- the resume of their code; 
their work is purely physical, and the results, in a moral point 
o\ view, are absolutely null. 

It is to the Father and Mother that nature gives the 
right, and imposes the duty to care for the education of the 
children. In the patriarchal family, the father was the abso- 
lute chief, reigning over his descendants and giving them the 
direction which appeared the most suitable. In the Christian 
family, where the maternal influence has such a high value, 
the mother assumes an important part in the training of chil- 
dren, and she modifies the severity of the father by her smiles 
and her caresses. 

Upon the mother, therefore, and upon the mother espec- 
ially, falls the duty to give a good direction to the child. 
Her heart will be a safe guide, and her tenderness will modify 
the harshness of certain lessons. Education should be, there- 
fore, the first thought of the mother. Education takes the 
child at the cradle, and follows him step by step ; it gives him 
that form, that politeness, that amenity which is the distinct 
character of good society. 

Let us go farther : What is a child? The child is the 
hope of the family and society. It is the renewal of human- 
ity in its flower. It is an amiable creature in which candor, 
simplicity and confiding docility gain affection, and give 
hope for the future. It is the blessing of God, and the gift 
of heaven. An innocent soul, the passions of which hav< 
not troubled its peaceful sleep, in which the enchantment of 
falsehood, and the illusion of the world have not yet soiled its 
purity. It is a simple and pure heart in which religion will 
make its way easily, for at that age the heart is touched by its 
maternal accents, it has no secret interest to defend against 
confidence. It is at tint age, when inexperience, meekness, 
perils and even faults interest the heart, and claim from indif- 
ference itself, solicitude and paternal care. 

It is no doubt with an expressible gentleness that a virtu- 
ous teacher looks upon the child and contemplates the artless- 
ness, the meekness of early age. The little child seems to 
say to you : — look, sec how weak I am, I come to you for 
help, you will protect me, will you not 3 Such confidence is 



1 6 EDUCATION. 

enough to affect the hardest heart. There is a yearning to- 
wards the dear little creature which no one can avoid. Yet, it 
is said that there are beings, men, nay, — Women, who let 
children suffer ; abuse, ill-treat, hate children. Oh ! It is 
hard to be compelled to believe this. Why has the Eternal 
Father allowed souls to enter, and remain in such monsters ? 

But let us proceed. The child is to the eye of the en- 
lightened philosopher a being worthy of respect, and religious 
devotedness ; it is, therefore, absolutely necessary that educa- 
tion should guide the child against the seduction of wealth, 
and all the adversities of life, and teach him not only how to 
use his rights and privileges, but especially to teach him to 
fulfill the duties and obligations that he owes to nature, to the 
State and to society. 

Without education and instruction, what is this world? 
A place of sorrow and misery. 

The wild instinct of the brute becomes vile passions in 
the uneducated man, whose intelligence serves only to amal- 
gamate the good with the bad, and drag it down in its fall. 
It is an arena Where the brutal instinct and human passions 
are let loose, and gladiators are applauded by ignorants in the 
darkness. It is in such a state that the child suffers hunger, 
the woman becomes estranged from virtue, and man is made a 
slave! It is also in such a world that an educated, but isola- 
lated man suffers intensely because he is not understood ; 
nay, persecuted by the ignorant, who hate superiority. 

Education, through the good teacher, occupies the whole 
man — his physical, intellectual, and moral faculties. If a child 
is placed under the supervision of a depraved or careless 
mother he is already in a hell, he lives in a corrupted atmos- 
phere, and moves about unconscious of the horrors which sur- 
round him, and like the charmed bird which is ready to fall in 
the mouth of the serpent below, he is not terrified at the ap- 
pearance of the glowing eyes, and poisonous fangs of the 
reptile, because he has been trained little by little, to approach 
the dangerous enemy without fear. Such a mother is a banc 
to society, — such a child is doomed to immense sufferings. 

An ill-trained or coquettish woman marries without reflec 
tion, and after a few months of conjugal life, she loves every 
one but her husband. A great deal of this is due to the 
mother's training. No one can deny that thousands of women 
have been the ruin ot their husbands and children; and they, 



EDUCATION. 17 

in their turn, feeling no longer a sense of shame, have fallen 
to the depth of degradation, and have been subjected to bit- 
ter regrets. Want of good training and good education has 
caused these terrible human miseries. 

On the other hand, if a young woman has been well train- 
ed, if her home education has been well cared for, she is an 
ornament to society, a perpetual flower at home, and when 
she speaks, her words are notes of music. 

No companion so valuable and safe can a man have as 
such a discreet and godly wife. It will be her province and 
care to make her home neat and attractive, genial, sweet and 
healthy — the place to which her husband shall turn with glad 
and longing heart. It will be her aim to be in person and 
manner so engaging, so fresh in spirits, so genuine and true in 
affection, so elevated and pure in thought that he will seek 
her companionship with never- failing zest and joy. Such a 
sweet and refined woman moulds her husband to a degree and 
worth to him attainable in no other way. Her delicate sense 
seizes upon and unconsciously elevates his aesthetic nature. 
The gentleness of her spirit woes the slumbering nobility of 
his nature to the fortune of life, and makes him great in the 
strength of manly tenderness. Her piety, more simple, trust 
fui and steadfast than his, sweetly holds him to truth, to duty 
and to God. Thus excrescences and vicious growths from the 
inner life, eccentricities and rudeness from contact of the gross 
and vulgar of outer life are cut, one by one, until the man 
stands complete in character and conduct. 

In time of trials and disappointments, the husband finds 
in her a soothing companion. She cheers him with her kind 
words, she smooths the wrinkles of care by her smiles, and 
pointing to the dear offsprings who are growing so well under 
her good maternal care, she causes the discouraged husband to 
turn his eyes toward the angel called Hope! Oh! to live with 
such a companion is to make anti-chambrc to Heaven! 

Education corrects and brings to perfection the species 
to which we belong. Education, and education of the people 
is one of the most noble conquests which honor humanity. 
There is something greater than Bluchcr in Germany — 
Goethe! A greater genius in England than Wellington — 
Shakespeare / And France has a greater Son than the man 
who sat for twenty years at the Tuilleries — Victor Hugo ! 

The first Napoleon was great on measuring distance, aim- 



IS EDUCATION. 

ing at material conquest, but he failed in surveying fields in 
which he might have obtained progressive victories. And 
while this mistaken man of Corsica ran wildly after cannons, 
and flags saturated with blood, the truly educated and gener- 
ous Lafayette had crossed the ocean after the ideal — Liberty 
and Progress! 

Socrates, the martyred teacher, was killed physically, but 
mentally he still lives. Jesus of Nazareth worked and 
preached for reformation, progress and moral liberty ; for this 
he was persecuted, seized by a mob of ignorants, tortured and 
hung on the cross. But in dying the crucified became the 
man-God, and from the golgotha radiates an aureola which 
eclipses the sun in its splendor, and which will light, and en- 
lighten the worlds for eternity! 

Education is light, ignorance is darkness. The eagle 
faces the sun, the owl is seen only at night. In all ages, the 
educated have been persecuted by the ignorants, who are 
always full of prejudices, and never without fanaticism. "It 
is always at the handsomest side of an edifice that envy and 
jealousy throw stones." 

A well bred person, having good education, is always re- 
ceived, considered, respected and sought for by all who are 
honorable and enlightened in the world. If rich and edu- 
cated, one will know how to use his fortune for the welfare of 
all, for surely education is an index to show us how to be kind, 
affectionate, courteous, hospitable and philanthropic. If 
poor, the educated will know how to meet great necessities ; 
he will foresee obstacles andnvill be prepared to meet events. 
He will have a few friends, since he will have little to give, 
but they will be at the height of his intelligence, and so much 
more true and sincere will they be, because their friendship 
will be prompted by their hearts, and they will love him for 
himself and his qualities, not for material possession. Be- 
sides, the educated poor man is never without friends, for 
zvherever there are books, — and, thank God, in the nineteenth 
century there are plenty of them, — he will be among friends. 

A savant is always rich, for education is a wealth that is 
inalienable, and which no human power can ravish. 

Let us see now what is his antepode. The unhappy man 
who has received no education or instruction whatever is an 
ignorant. He is an incomplete being, who is good for little, 
and to whom most everything is wanting. In social order he 



I.TION . 19 

is an unpleasant anomaly. Ignorance is a species of interme- 
diary between man and brute. There is no possible intellect- 
ual enjoyment lor the ignorant. He sees the world in a differ- 
ent way, indeed he lives in a different world entirely, and 
what his educated neighbor may say to him is all mystery. 
The most beautiful monuments of art. the greatest produc- 
tions of genius are without charm for him ; he sees nothing in 
it, feels nothing by it, and appreciates nothing of it. 

A man has a beautiful garden, filled with the rarest and 
richest flowers, but if he ignores horticulture, all the money 
he has expended in that garden is comparatively of no value to 
him; while his poor, but educated neighbor enjoys all that 
property by peeping over the fence. A daughter is at the 
piano; her lingers run over the key-board; the ignorant father ' 
is listening, the notes reach his car.-the mind ?— no! his heart is 
not moved, he does not understand the beauty of that language 
of Mozart and Rethoven, while the poor artist who is sit- 
ting to rest on the road side, enjoys every sound of the instru- 
ment, is filled with emotion; and his fatigued mind is so re- 
freshed by the music he understood so well that he resumes 
his journey with renewed courage. 

Thus deprived of knowledge which gives value to things, 
the ignorants have no real property. Fortune may possess 
them, but they cannot possess fortune. Their wealth may 
cause them to appear in society, but only 'as parvenus, and 
will be what is called in this country "shoddy aristocracy." 
They will be objects of ridicule. They will be actors on this 
world's stage, but only as clowns. Some of these parvenus 
are worse with little education than the illiterate, for there are 
none so assuming, so tyrannical and contemptible as these 
self-praised and conceited creatures \tho ascend to "positions" 
through material agencies. A few examples: 

The writer knew a clergyman who was famous in his boy- 
hood for his dull comprehension, and who was so jealous of 
that reputation that he has retained it to this day. One day 
he was denouncing, from the pulpit, a man whom he hated on 
account of his liberal education, and, for "arguments," hurled 
his anathemas and said the most stupid things that ever eman- 
ated from a pulpit, concluding his "sermon" with these words: 
"He who does not submit to the rules of the church must be 
looked upon as a pagan and — and — a ^-publican." As the 
majority of the congregation were republicans they were not 



20 EDUCATION. 

flattered with the comparison, and as well may be imagined, 
this "domine" was requested to leave off the re in the future. 
This "Reverend" en herbe, had been ordained — "by acci- 
dent" —we were told by one of his confreres. 

A pretty girl has poor and ignorant parents; they, how- 
ever, "succeeded in business;" the girl brought up in idleness 
and vanity — as it is generally in such a case — is sent to a good 
common school (which is one of the glories of this country) 
but, as it should have been expected, she is always at the foot 
of her classes. She graduates out of the school — a conceited, 
ignorant, silly girl. Music must be learned, on the surface at 
any rate, and, after a few terms of expenses, she succeeds in 
playing a jig or a quadrille. "Oh! but she must study French, 
the most polite language in the world," and after a year of in- 
attention, she can say "parlee-voos Francee, munshioui," or 
speaking of a coup d'etat, she will pronounce "coupe de tete." 
She is now ready for the matrimonial market, for, to her, mar- 
riage is looked upon as a bargain. She sits in her grand 
parvenu's parlor, the walls of which are covered with all 
sorts of pictures to her taste, for Mr. Josiah Jones, an "opera- 
tor at the first saw" (as a wood sawyer is often called in the 
west) or for Mr. Gustavus Doremus, a saw-dust aristocrat or 
some other dandy, (such a girl has an admirer for each day) 
and at the end of her sofa, her face half hidden behind her 
silvered fan, say, "you don't say so!" "is it possible!" or "ho! 

now Mr. Doremus, I think you are real mean!" She 

marries; has horses and phaeton; goes to church — of course, if 
it is only to bore the minister with her "suggestions" at the 
parlor meetings. (Oh! the patience of ministers in such in- 
stances must be divine.) She has domestics — if it was only to 
command. One of these is taken suddenly sick. Must she 
nurse her? Will she prove to her that true philantrophy exists 
in deeds of sacrifices, not in words? Will she put into prac- 
tice the oft repeated words of the master, "do unto others as 
you wish others to do unto you?" Nc! the poor and suffering 
servant must go, relatives must be found, acquaintances must 
exist somewhere to care for this servant; and if you remonstrate 
against such inhuman treatment, the apparent philanthropist 
shows her true nature, she will insult you, show you the door, 
and bring to bear on your character the venom of her accursed 
tongue, — and such people are called "la creme de la 
cretne." Bah ! 



EDUCATION. -I 

"On the northern coast of Ireland," said another presum- 
irvenu, ami who thought himself a great philosopher, 
"I saw above a hundred crows at once preying upon muscels. 
Each crow took a muscel up into the air twenty or forty yards 
high and let it fall on the stones, and thus by breaking the 
shell got possession o( the animal." A few days later while 
this philosopher was gathering shells on the same shore, one of 
those unlucky birds mistaking his bald head for a stone drop- 
ped a shell upon it. This supposed naturalist at once changed 
his mind about the reason of the crow. 

There is only one reasonable aristocracy, it is the praise- 
worthy distinction of intelligence, nobility of the heart, or isto 

Let us close. A person may be well educated yet not 
have much practical knowledge. Thus a classical scholar can 
not become a statesman nor a thorough business man without 
correct information. Nay more, the higher classes of society 
may have had the advantages of the finest education, yet they 
will fail to attain the glory of free men, if their hearts are filled 
with egotism, and their tyranny over their less fortunate broth- 
ers is a flagrant ingratitude to societv, which exhales itself as 
murmurs against God! Theories arc great things only when 
they can be put into practice in such a manner as to be useful, 
and for the benefit of society at large. 

The fathers of this republic were good scholars, who gave 
sound practical lessons to the English tories; yet, they did not 
see, as they should, the injustice of remanding to slavery those 
whose only crimes were to have shed their blood, on many 
battle fields, to help them to obtain their independence. It 
was their moral slavery which caused the physical slavery of 
man to be continued in the land of Washington, where the 
name of Arnold had been made odious, and in a country 
over which waived a flag which had for device " Liberty, 
Equality, Fraternity." 

Had thc«e oppressions been attempted in little Switzer- 
land, where popular education is so far advanced, every man 
would have become as a William Tell to destroy the audaci- 
ous Gesslers. Xay, if the assasin of liberty in France, if that 
midnight thief, who lit his lantern at the sun of Austerlitz, and 
who sat for twenty years at the Tuilleries, had dared to invade 
the sacred soil of Switzerland every Swiss would have risen 



2 2 EDUCATION. 

gun in hands, to face the tyrants, as they go with pleasure 
among the Alps and the peaks after the chamois. 

Yes ! The want of thorough and true education has 
been the curse of nations — I should say peoples. It has pro- 
duced tyrants and despots, and has been the sole cause of hu- 
man slavery ; while its enjoyment has given birth to repub- 
lics, free governments; it has produced magnanimous chieftains, 
and has rendered the people happy! The teacher is, there- 
fore, indispensable to society — to the human family. 

Is the teacher always respected and remembered? No, 
unfortunately, not always. To love a mother is nature's ten- 
dency, to love a teacher is the spontaneous feeling of a grate- 
ful heart! A good and kind teacher is the faithful sentinel 
who warns us of the approaching danger and shows us how to 
avoid it. The teacher is the van and rear guard at once, to 
gather, rally the broken ranks and lead on the march ; and 
master the situation. While our parents give us nourish- 
ment for our body, the good teacher brings us nourishment 
for our intelligence as Jesus brought us bread for our soul. 

Teachers in the School, in the Press, in the Tribune as in 
the Pulpit should be respected, protected and encouraged, for 
they have a severe task to perform, and great responsibility 
resting upon them. They sacrifice their lives for the early 
training of humanity, to cultivate the grounds upon which 
will grow the young plants — children — that they may yield 
beautiful flowers and good fruits ; let us not repay them with 
ingratitude. 

But unless education is coupled with instruction and well 
directed, it is not only useless, — it is often an agent of evil ; 
let us see. 



Ill 



RETK1BU riON. 



"Lot us knoi-l: 

Ood'e own rotee is in that poal. 



The social soil is everywhere undermined, for good or 
evil — upper mines and lower mines. This sub-soil, at times, 
gives away under the weight of civilization, and when no 
longer able to contain itself, the volcano flashes and the lava 
inundates the human race with light. 

There is the religious mine, the philosophic mine, the po- 
litical mine, the social economic mine and the revolutionary 
mine. One picks with the idea, another with figures, another 
with auger, and they call to and answer each other from their 
subterranean passages. Nothing interrupts the tension of 
their energies towards the object. They come, go, ascend, 
descend, re-ascend, substitute top for bottom and inside for 
out. Their works are different, the extractions varied, but to 
a certain point the social philosopher perceives that the labor 
is good, beyond that it is doubtful and mixed, — sometimes it 
is terrible ! 

What emanates from these transitions? What issues from 
those profound thoughts thrown simultaneously upon the 
seething sea of the world? — the future. 

For nearly a century, the proud race which considered 
itself as progressive humanity, that race which had filled the 
ancient continent with its crimes and its furors, thought to 
have reached the theatre of its pacific and regular develop- 
ment in America. Had not the New World been given to 
her so that she might display her genius, and to exercise her 
sublime faculties? Did it not offer her a refuge from revolu- 
tions and social catastrophics? Yes, but on one condition : 
it was that the law of humanity, the moral law, the law of 



24 RETRIBUTION. 

justice should be faithfully observed. How was the duty- 
fulfilled? 

The white race after having obtained its independence, 
instead of working for the education of her younger sisters 
yet in the darkness of infancy, employed its superiority in de- 
spoiling the red race of his property, and what it could not 
exterminate it infested with its vices and superstitions. It 
plunged the black race into the gulf oi slavery, and con- 
demned the negro to perpetual brutalism, while it proclaimed 
to the world the great principles of democratic liberties! Lib- 
erty tveeping, and slavery triumphant on Plymouth Rock, — 
in presence of the pilgrim fathers / 

"While meaner cowards, mingling with the train. 
Proved, from the Book of God, its right to reign." 

The Northern men, ever burning with the thirst of gold, 
schooled the Southerners into the human traffic. 

Who didst sow earth with crimes, and far and wide. 

A harvest of uncounted miseries gr«w. 

Until the measure of their sins at last 

Was full, and then tho avenging bolt was cast. 

And America had her Actium, her Lepanto or her Waterloo; 
one of those sanguinary and terrible periods, one of those 
fearful human tempests which shake or confirm empires, and 
for a long time decides the destinies of nations. Human sac- 
rifices are sometimes needed, — and, at remote or distant 
epochs, a willing victim is offered upon its altar. Socrates for 
mental liberty/ JESUS FOR MORAL EMANCIPATION! and 
John Brown for Physical freedom ! When that example 
or instruction is not sufficient, blood then must flow in tor- 
rents, and the human hecatomb must make the world shud- 
der. It was those fields of carnage which the philanthropists 
contemplated with sacred horrors during the great American 
fratricide. Thus we see the accomplishment of the terrible 
mysteries of the eternal justice! 

By the most monstrous of inconsistencies, slaves were in 
the Southern part ot this Union. Men were killed by their 
masters with impunity ; women were violated without hin- 
drance or shame ; children were torn irom their mother's 
breast and sold on the block ; white, young and beautiful 
women were sold at enormous prices for the Southern 



RETRIBUTION. 25 

seraglio, where low bred, beastly tobacco eaters, and alcohol 
drinkers awaited them, because in their veins could be found 
a trace of negro blood, and, in among the bayous of Louisi- 
ana, where — O shame! Frenchmen lived and governed — or 
along, the burning coast of Florida, or in the swampy planta- 
tions of Virginia, 

"Hoarse, horrible, and stronc 
Rope to h«aven that agonizing cry. 
llo\c long, God, hoiclono?" 

Thea a hand was seen ascending at the horizon from the 
dungeon of Pensacola ; it wavered to the East, then to the 
North; it bore on its palm the words — "Salvation to the 
Slave." 

Good and noble men spoke, and prayed and called for 
help to the oppressed ; but none dared to act, as did the 
Garrison, the Chas. Torrey, the Gerrit Smith, the Wendel 
Phillips, the Samuel J. May, the Sumner, until the sign of the 
"branded hand" appeared in the West, and met the gaze of 
the brave of Assawatomie. Then, this white and free man, 
quivering under his own sufferings, sought to deliver those 
slaves from bondage. Pious, austere, inspired by the spirit of 
the Gospel, he sounded the rallying cry of freedom to those 
oppressed brothers of the South. But slavery afflicts the 
soul with deafness, and they made no response. John 
Brown, although deserted, still fought at the head of a hand- 
ful of heroic men. He was riddled with balls, his two young 
sons fell dead at his sides; and he was taken. This is what 
they called "the affair of Harper's Ferry." 

Upon a wretched pallet, Brown, with six half-gaping 
wounds, scarcely conscious of surrounding sounds, bathing 
his mattress with blood, and with the ghastly presence ot his 
two dead sons beside him, his four fellow sufferers ; Coppic, 
Stephens, Green and Copeland wounded, dragging themselves 
by his side ; justice in a hurry, and overleaping all obstacles, 
the attorney — Hunter — proceeded hastily, Judge Parker let- 
ting him have his own way, every application for delay refused, 
forged documents produced, the witnesses for the defense kid- 
napped, every obstacle thrown in the way of the prisoner's 
counsel, two cannons loaded with cannister at the door, with 
orders to the jailor to sho»t the prisoners if they attempted to 



26 RETRIBUTION. 

escape, forty minutes of deliberation, and three men SEN- 
TENCED TO DIE ! And this took place not in Turkey, but in 
free America ! 

The American people soon found that they had com- 
mitted a terrible and great crime — at the hands of the im- 
becile Buchannan who should have interfered between Brown 
and the assassin Governor Wise who, a few months later, 
raised his bloody hands against his own mother in open rebel- 
lion — against the country whose mandates he claimed to obey 
at Charleston. This was something worse than Cain killing 
Abel, it was Washington slaying Spartacus ! 

Progress met obstacles at the gibbit of Charleston, and 
from the terrible concussion — the political murder of Brown — 
light emitted ; the disruption of the union followed ; and, as 
a consequence, war ensued. A formidable war, wors? than 
famine or pestilences, followed. 

Fields God had given to man to obtain food from, were 
devastated ; the humble hut as well as the lofty mansion were 
equally pillaged. The families of peasants and of aristocratic 
lineage were compelled to seek refuge together in exile, and 
take shelter as best they could on the wayside. The son was 
torn away from the mother, the husband from the wife, the 
betrothed from his affianced, and the father from his children. 
They were armed, equipped, irritated and rendered mad as 
dogs for the fight, thrown in front of cannons ; it was called 
"National Rights /" 

Armies of men hurled against each other so that they- 
might tear each others hearts, drink each others blood. 
Masses of colored rags glued together with blood and brains, 
and pinned into strange shapes by fragments of bones. 
Bodies without heads, legs without bodies, heaps of human 
entrails attached to red and blue cloth, and disembowelled, 
corpses in uniform, bodies in all positions, with faces blown 
off, skulls shattered, hips smashed, bones, flesh and gay cloth- 
ing all pounded together, extending for miles, and they called 
these frightful carnages "National Rights !!" 

Atlanta crushed by bombshells, Antietam covered with 
corpses wliose strewn brains attracted the birds of prey to pick 
out the eyes of the dying soldiers. Lincoln standing in awe 
before the massacre of Gettysburg, exclaiming the memorable 
words; "if there is a man in hell who suffers more than I do 
I pity him !" and by sea and by land, the howlings and curs- 



RIBUTION. 27 

ings ci the soldiery were terrific, and the smoke of powder 
and blood ascended to heaven as if to hide the faces of the 
weeping angels ; and they called these horrors "NATIONAL 

Rights I I 

What was the cause of that terrible conflict? Ignorance, 
SI averv, ABJECT SSRVILISM on the part of the people — 
TYRANNY, despotism, CRUELTY personified in the leaders of 
the nation, who said that we the abolitionists, we the reformers 
were demagogues and fifty years ahead of time ; and, while 
the people loved, believed and hoped, those miserable crea- 
tures tortured and killed. 

"But," you may say, "those days of terror have past, 
why extricate them from oblivion?" We necessarily bring 
things of the past before the people because we wish to avoid 
them ; counterfeits of the past take false names, and are fond 
of calling themselves the future. Let us be ready for the 
trick. Let us defy the phantom. The past has a face — 
superstition, and a mask — hypocrisy. Let us denounce the 
face and tear the mask ! 



LIGHTS AND SHADOWS. 



PART THIRD. 



The Man of To-Morrow. 



LIGHTS AND SHADOWS. 



Usquequo lugebifc terra, et herba 

Omnia reaionis siccabitur. et propter 

malitiam habitantlum in ea?) —Jeremiah. IS 



On a cloudy afternoon of April, 187 5, a wayfarer, whom we 
will call Arthur Roland, and a friend of the writer, was walk- 
ing up one of the principal streets of a central city of New 
York State. It was already dark, but, by the gaslight, he 
could see what seemed to him a familiar name on the door of 
a fine stone house, built a la FranSaise, of old architecture, 
before which he had stopped to allow a group of playful boys 
to pass. He approached nearer the sign, read it, and, indeed, 
it was the name of one of his companions of boyhood, a name 
which had been conspicuous in the politics of Canada and of 
the United States. 

Delighted with the idea of meeting with a long lost friend, 
Arthur Roland ascended the steps and rang. The door soon 
opened and quite a young lady bowed. Roland stood a mo- 
ment without saying a word, startled as he was by the resem- 
blance between the daughter and father, for, surely, he 
thought, this must be his child. 

"Is Dr. Valmor at home?" he asked. 

"Yes, sir. in his study, will you please come in?"/ 
answered the young lady. "Yesth, thir," added her little 
brother Joseph, who had followed his sister, "My pa is in, I'll 
show you." "Keep still," said the impatient and vexed sis- 
ter to her ever forward little brother. 



I h.ll IS AND SHADOWS. 2y 

- It wa> a cold night for a spring month, but there was ,t 

cheerful hrc in the grate, and everything in the room, though 
of modest appearance, indicated comfort. After seating 
himself and waiting for Dr. Valmor who was finishing a press- 
ing correspondence, Roland scanned the walls which were 
covered with portraits. First, facing the hall door was "Ecce 
homo." Christ standing before the cowardly Pilate, the Man- 
God to be judged by the creature, always impress even the 
skeptical, but the painter had put his whole soul in this work, 
and Roland could hardly remove his eyes from this canvass. 
Farther on , Socrates teaching, Lincoln, John Brown, the em- 
ancipation of the American slaves, Victor Hugo, Kossuth, 
Papineau. Lafayette, Washington, Christ Blessing the Child- 
ren, Garibaldi, Samuel J. May, Gerrit Smith, Wm. Lloyd 
Garrison, Lamartine, Wilberforce, Paschal, Jesus on the road 
to exile, and the Golgotha; and ''Better time coming," or 
••Peace," all these pictures, with the busts of Shakespeare, 
Byron, Dickens, Sumner, and one representing the "Charity 
Patient," told at once of the character of this home. 

The library was as complete as the means of the owner 
could permit. French, English, Italian and Spanish works 
filled the numerous shelves. On the central table laid opened 
the charming book -Picciola" and "93" of Victor Hugo. 

In the next room, the door oi which was partly opened, Eva, 
the daughter of Valmor, was sitting near a piano, reading "La 
Morte," by Gottschalk, and near her was her grand mother 
who was lulling to sleep little Walter, a child of three years. 

Valmor, after handing his papers to a domestic in waiting, 
saluted his visitor again, and looking with scrutiny in his face, 
and with an expression of joy, recognized his old friend. 

After putting the usual questions asked among kindred 
after a long separation, Arthur said to the Doctor: "But how 
changed you are; had it not been that I knew you were here, 
I would not have recognized you." 

"Ha! my friend," replied the Doctor, "suffering people grow 
old fast, and many a head I have seen whitening before its time, 
but you are always the same. I knew you almost at first sight. " 

"Oh! no wonder," rejoined Arthur, "you have such a mem- 
ory; but, tell me how came you here, amidst strangers; not one 
of our compatriots could I meet in this city." 

"Well, yes, let us converse, but you must see my little 
family first. " 



30 LIGHTS AND SHADOWS. 

We will spare the reader of the details of that meeting, 
suffice it to say that Valmor's mother, although aged 80 years, 
recognized the son of Judge Roland, who had been a frequent 
visitor at her husband's happy home; and after inquiring * oi 
Roland about his religious devotions, especially when away 
from home, (this old lady had always been a trite Christian, 
and to her all was vanity in this world except that which lead 
to a pure and real Catholic Christian life) presented her grand 
daughter Eva, in a former manner, and also called Arthur's 
attention to master Joseph, who did not need of much urging 
to become familiar, and to little Walter whose 9hy and distant 
manners contrasted much with his brother. He kissed the 
children and also shook hands with Nicodemus, a colored man 
servant Valmor had brought from the Southern States, after 
the American war had ended. Even the old dog "Wolf" receiv- 
ed the attention of the visitor, and as he patted him* on the 
head, Wolf licked his hand as if he too recognized him. Turn- 
ing to Valmor, Arthur looked inquiringly "I under- 
stand you, my dear friend; no, they are not of this world any 
longer. Of the mother of my children and of my father, all 
that remains are these portraits, and both looked in mournful 
silence upon the faces which seemed so full of life. Slowly 
the two friends returned to the library, and after closing the 
door and seating near a table, Roland who was a good natur- 
ed fellow, a lover of adventures, and who felt a great interest 
in his friend, paid close attention to the recital of the Doctor : 
"I must be brief and will spare you futile details, you remem- 
ber the happy home I had in my youth, the large mansion, the 
beautiful gardens, the rich lands? when I recall to mind all 
those beautiful meadows, those fields, those valleys, those hills, 
those dales, those shores ot the majestic St. Lawrence, where 
I passed many joyful hours and happy moments in my youth, 
I feel painfully the grasp of the iron hand of proscription. Af- 
ter my father had lost all his property, which amounted to 
one hundred and fifty thousand dollars, I continued my studies 
in Montreal College, and lived with one of my cousins in San- 
guinet street." "Where abouts?" interrupted Arthur. "Elgin's 
place, but that building was burned in the great conflagration 
of '52." "Ah," added Roland. "There I met with an object 
which made me very happy and very miserable for years." 
"What was it," said Arthur, "a woman?" 

"Precisely! what made you guess?" 



LIGH IS AMi SHADOWS. 31 

"Ha, ha! my dear friend, am 1 not now traveling to kill 
tl\e ennui, and disappointments, results of a love affair? Why- 
did you not do as I do?" 

•'Yes, but remember that my love was pure, deep and 
profound, and that twenty years have not erased all; 
traveling, you see, for that purpose would have been useless." 

"Love has no middle term, it either saves or destroys, 
and this dilemma is the whole of human destiny; the moment 
you see a woman who emits on you the light of her heart you 
are caught. You feel attracted as iron to loadstone. 

To me, that woman was a beautiful, chaste, pure and 
sacred being. For me, to love her much was to love God the 
more. My heart loved her while my soul adored him grate- 
fully. All our moments of recreation we passed together. 
We said many childish things, absurdities, foolishness, yet it 
was all sublime to us. Show me the man who has not heard 
or uttered these things and I will show you an imbecile and a 
wicked man. Oh, happy days, little did I think they were to 
be of such short duration. \Yoe, alas! to the man who has 
only loved bodies, shapes and appearances! Separation, 
death will strip him of all that. Try to love souls and you will 
meet them again! 

"Here," said the Doctor, pulling out of his coat pocket 
a paper which he handed to his friend, "read these senti- 
ments; I have often read them," and Arthur Roland read the 
following: 

"How sad the soul is when it is sad through love; what a 
void is the absence of the being, who of her own self fills the 
world. " 



"Love is a portion of the soul itself, and is of the same 
nature. Like it, it is the divine spark; like it, it is incor- 
ruptible, indivisible and imperishable. " 

"Love has its childishness, and other passions have their 
littleness. Shame on the passions that make a man little! 
Honor to the one which makes him a child!" 



"Profound hearts, wise minds, take life as God makes it; 
it is a long trial, an unintelligible preparation for the unknown 
destiny. This destiny, the true one, begins for man with the 



32 LIGHTS AND SHADOWS. 

first step in the interior of the tomb. In the meanwhile love 
and suffer, hope and contemplate." 



"A lofty and serene soul in love is inaccessible to vulgar 
passions, and an unworthy thought can no more germinate in 
it than a nettle in a glacier." 



"These are sublime thoughts," said Arthur, returning the 
paper, and after a moment of silence, added, "Then, you came 
to the United States?" 

"Yes, my parents were in this country and I followed 
them, hoping, being assured I would soon meet her without 
whom I believed I could not live, but I never saw her more. 
My cousin was an intelligent and shrewd woman, and, although 
always kind and gentle to me, she felt to a certain extent the 
responsibility of my acts, and I have always believed that she 
notified my parents by letter of my attachment to her god- 
daughter, and a prompt separation was the result. 

I will spare you other details. I married, and, shortly 
after, joined the army where I served during the whole Amer- 
ican rebellion, both as a soldier and a surgeon. My wife had 
passed several summers with me in the South. Every after- 
noon she made her way to the hospitals, visiting and cheering 
many a suffering and lonely soldier. 

The climate was severe in those regions for Northeners. 
The autumnal winds and cold nights had brought about the 
miasmatic affection, and this fair creature, who had suffered so 
much in the loss of her children, fell sick and never saw a well 
day again; slowly, she sank into the dreaded consumption, 
and, in spite of all kind and assiduous treatment, she contin- 
ued to droop, and, after years of suffering the poor mother 
passed into the land of Adonis, to meet there the three little 
cherubs to whom she had given birth on earth. 

To tell you one half of my sorrows that followed, would 
be too painful for both of us. You may have an idea of my 
physical sufferings when I say that for a long time I lived on 
fifteen cents a day; and many a time, for want of fuel, I have 
warmed myself at the Sun's rays. Still my little family did 
not suffer, for I had kind friends who knew nothing of my 
personal sufferings and who saw to their need. Yet, were I 
to tell you of one-tenth part of my mental ordeals, you would 
hesitate to believe." 



LIGHTS AND SHADOWS. 3$ 

Arthur Roland understood that his friend had underwent 
great struggles, for he knew his proud nature. He perceived 
in him one of those obstinate and unknown braves who defend 
themselves, inch by inch, in the shadows, against the fatal in- 
vasion of want and turpitude; and taking from his wallet a 
hundred dollar note, he threw it upon the table, exclaiming; 
•I do not understand how you, a physician, was reduced to 
such a state. Could you not obtain credit? take this money, 
when I reach home, I will send you more; I remember the 
services your father rendered mine years ago." 

"Thank you, Arthur," said Yalmor, returning the bank- 
note, "I do not now need this help. I will explain:" 

"On returning from the war, Canada being agitated, for the 
second time, with the question of Annexation vs. The Con- 
federation of the North British Provinces. I naturally advo- 
cated, as before, the ideas of annexing the Canadas to the 
United States, and threw into this scheme two years of my 
labor and all of my military emoluments — three thousand four 
hundred dollars. " 

"Fool," exclaimed Roland. 

•Ves, fool — in defeat, but had we been able to arouse the 
Canadians from their apathy, had wc succeeded in our enter- 
prise, we would have been proclaimed liberators!" 

"I remember well," rejoined Arthur, "of your indirect 
memorial to the U. S. Congress, through Gen'l Butler, on 
annexation — it was an adroit and stirring address. Ho! how 
it enraged the tory press of Canada and the lower class 'dem- 
ocrats' of the time! But tell me, Valmor, are our Canadians 
actually suffering more under the Colonial regime than they 
would once confederated with your Republic? Mentally the 
Canadians have nothing to borrow from any nation. Ontario 
received the golden medal at the Centennial Exhibition, at 
Philadelphia, for primary education — among the nations of the 
globe; and the numerous houses of education — in classics of 
Canada, headed by the University of Laval, cannot be sur- 
passed — even by Boston. And, as to morals, the Americans 
have a great deal to learn from the Canadians on that score; 
I hope I am not offending you — a naturalized American 
citizen?" 

"No, Arthur, you are not offending me in the least; I am 
proud to hear you speak so highly of our native land, and it 
is for the very reason of the superiority of the Canadians, as a 



34 . LIGHTS AND SHADOWS. 

people, that I would like to see that beautiful country enjoy 
' the blessings of this noble Republic." 

"Agreed, those of the Canadians who are educated are 
superior men and women, and their morals are the pride of 
the Confederation and noble example of the world; but you 
must draw a line of demarcation between the active Anglo- 
Saxon people of Ontario and the oppressed French nationality 
of Quebec — at least of the country towns. There, Priest-craft 
rules, and the education of the people is nominal. The Priest, 
the physician, the lawyer, and the notary public are the kings 

of the village. They think (?) and the people must act, 

to not say obey. If the Priest would only confine himself to 
his religious theological education, — all would be well and 
good; but neither you nor any one else can deny that in 
French Canada, the pulpit, nay, the confessional have been 
degraded, are still, in many instances, subservient to Toryism 
and, in many places, are political agencies — in electoral con- 
tests. Let the French of Canada think and act for themselves, 
and annexation will be the natural sequence, for, as an Ameri- 
can statesman said, 'the annexation of Canada to the United 
States is only a question of time, it is inevitable, and the ad- 
vantages resulting therefrom will be appreciated by the people 
on both sides of the line' — indeed, does not the constant 
emigration of the Canadians to this country, and the persistent 
residence here of the eight hundred thousand French of 
Canada, in spite of imaginery or real efforts of 'repatria- 
tion agents,' prove our unanswerable arguments?" 

"Yes yes," said Roland; "but as for me I cannot 

accustom myself to the bold, irrespectful, rude and impolite 
manners of the Americans. In public conveyances, on prom- 
enades, in the Lyceum and even in churches, the same 
boisterous manners, loud talking, staring looks, — why I have 
even seen young men dancing a jig on the steps of a church, 
and some whistling in the vestibule, while the minister was 
offering prayers. A boy call his father 'governor,' and a 
school girl call her mother 'old woman;' and of the usage of 
slangs. .... .there is no end." 

"I know it is rather unpleasant to hear these familiarities 
and rough ways which we often find in all new countries, and 
we, French people, of all other nations suffer most from it; 
but when you will have lived with the Americans as I have, 
you will find that, with all their faults, they are a generous and 



LIGHTS AND SHADOWS. 35 

noble people; that, by their sublime audacity, they often 
advance and distance the three great flames of Europe: 
France, England and Germany; and you will like to live in this 
great country, for which Frenchmen have done so much; for 
I may well say that if there is a nationality which ha* the 
right to expand itself in the Sun of this free country, it is the 
French! the French nationality which has done so much to 
colonize it and contributed so much for its independence! but 
enough; let us return to the lirst course of our conversation." 

"The long sickness of my wife in the West and New 
York City, emptied my pocket completely. As to the life of 
a physician I see you know but little. 

The medical man without capital, without help, with no 
fine carriage, no beautiful horses, no fine residence, no shining 
clothes, will not be employed by the fashionable, and the poor 
will olten make him poorer by their patronage. It is the 
most arduous and ungrateful of professions. Night and day, 
in the storm or sunshine, the physician must be prepared to 
travel and administer to the sick, in the modest residence, in 
the lowest hovel, or in the lofty mansion whether he receives 
compensation for his services or not. All kinds of people he 
must serve, from the important, assuming extra-delicate mind, 
to the dullest brain; the ascetic character, or loathesome in- 
dividual and criminal, and, if he refuses to attend all calls on 
the plea of fatigue or illness, he is denounced as a 'hard 
hearted wretch.' 

The true, really well educated (there are many 'physic- 
ians' but only a few Doctors) and devoted physician is the 
greatest philanthropist of the age. After having spent his 
younger days in close studies; searched the world for 
knowledge; after he has spent fortune to obtain his information 
and skill, he offers his services which, after danger is past, are 
looked upon as trifles; he stands faithfully to the last moment 
at the side of his patient, fighting death inch by inch, min- 
ute by minute. He advises and consoles the anxious and sor- 
rowful; calls on the charitable and uses his influence to relieve 
his sick, — who are oftentimes half-starved. What other pro- 
fession does more, if as much, for humanity? It is not cer- 
tainly your lawyei 

"Ha! you forget that I belong to Blackstonc's family," 
said Roland; "what of the Lincolns, Chas. Sumners, Gerrit 
Smiths, Bradys and other American jurists? Was not our 



36 LIGHTS AND SHADOWS. 

own Papineau an illustration of philanthropy; see you not the 
Doutres looming up as towers of strength? What of the De 
Lorimiers, Vigers, Morin, Parents, Papins, Blanchets, La- 
berges, etc.?" 

"Oh! those men were and are philanthropists by nature, 
not by law," laughingly retorted the Doctor. [See notes 
at end.] 

"Our profession," continued Valmor, "has, like all others, 
its faults — and one of them is not a little reproach cast upon 
it — it is the envy and jealousy of some of its members. For 
me, there is nothing so contemptible as persons who are 
jealous of the prosperity of others, envies talent or riches 
which they will not strive to reach. A legitimate pride and 
worthy ambition is commendable, but a man who hates 
another because of his natural superiority or his deserved 
success has the basest heart! 

I have known so-called 'physicians' who assumed very 
important airs, attempted to name diseases or medicines in 
latin which they never understood, and tried to censure mem- 
bers of the profession — as a sin against medical ethics in 
issuing professional card; and then would offer themselves, at 
a cheaper price, to steal away patients from a confrere by 
slandering him, and do other acts, not only unprofessional but 
most ungentlemanly towards him whose companionship they 
did not deserve. What a farce! Happily, the refine- 
ment of the medical art and science is doing away fast with 
this rowdyism, for educated and true gentlemen are always 
liberal. 

There are no more noble men than those medical heroes 
among them Paine, Alva Curtis, Parker, Post, as there were 
the Motts, the Velpeaus, the Bichats, the Nelsons, [see notes] 
and yet what reward did they receive? Ah! Byron truly 
said that 



'God and the Doctor are alike adored ; 
Only in danger, not before. 
The danger o'er, both are alike unrequited, 
God forgotten, and the Doctor slighted." 

As to credit, let me tell you, Arthur, that debt is the be- 
ginning of slavery. A creditor is worse than a master, for a 
master can only hold your person, while a creditor holds your 
dignity, and may insult it." 



LIGHTS AND SHADOWS. 37 

Valmor was right. A creditor, if lie happens to be a 

r, especially an ignorant or unprincipled fellow, will 

track you to death; he will be very solicitous of your health 

ill may die without paying him, and if you expire, lie 

xst-plate in payment on account — // he 

did not fear the guardians of law and order. 

Arthur Roland was deeply impressed by the recital of his 
friend; he rose and said: "It is very late, I must leave you for 
to-night; I am happy to have seen you; I thought I was the 
most unhappy of men, but I sec that I have not experienced 
one-half of your sorrows; I will profit by our interview. 
You are young yet, there is a vast field before you, and your 
children will be your consolation in coming years; au revoir. " 
And the two friends, with clasped hands, remained in silence 
for a few moments, when the City Hall bell struck midnight, 
and simultaneously a violent ringing of the door bell was 
heard. Nicodemus, who was still in watching, answered the 
summons. 

A boy, dripping with rain and panting for breath, rushed 
in crying 'Doctor, please come and see my mother who is 
dying." Valmor answered, "one moment, and I will follow 
you," and hastening to prepare himself for the night's storm, 
he heard loud talking in the hall. The servant appearently 
held some one by the collar saying "no you don't come in dis 
house, Pesto." The individual had, however, slipped off the 
hands of Nicodemus, and a diminutive sort of fello»v ap- 
peared in the doorway, his cap under his arm, rubbing his 
hands and bowing to the floor, saying "yes, sir, this poor 
woman is dying, and I knew you would not refuse to come, 
although there is no money in this for they are very poor, and 

her drunken husband " "Stop," said Valmor, "what 

trick are you at now, Pesto?" 

"My name is not Pesto, sir, though they call me so, but 
Carlo Sinsassa; am related to the great composer, Verdi, one 
of the finest names of Italy, and I am now on an errand 
of mercy." 

"You gone done and lied! You! on errand of mercy? Oh! 
golly! listen to him, massa!" said the colored man, who was 
aching to choke the fellow. 

"Silence!" cried Valmor, and, with a motion of his hand. 
the Doctor indicated the door through which Pesto passed in 
a somewhat hasty manner — Wolf being at hifc heel 



38 LIGHTS AND SHADOWS. 

Pesto was a dwarf of middle age, blind of one eye, slight- 
ly stooped, and an arm little crooked, the effect of carrying- 
fagots when a child, serving a band of Bohemian marauders, 
from which he sprang. He smiled often to deceive or disarm 
those he wronged — for he was as hypocritical as he was cruel — 
thus his yellow face had wrinkled. His glassy white and blind 
eye always wide opened — his boldness came from that direc 
tion — and the other eye unable to meet the scrutiny of honest 
men, continually winked; his tongue running over his thick 
and hanging lips like the protruding fangs of a snake, the 
tout ensemble making not only a disgusting but a dangerous 
appearance; a connoisseur would at once see that under that 
surface, there was a fiend at work. Those who knew this 
dwarf well, looked upon him as a moral pestilence hence the 
sobriquet, "Pesto" from Pestis; and thus it was that Nicode- 
mus did not believe him capable of being on an errand of 
mercy when he called at Dr. V.'s office. 

Valmor turning towards Roland saw him standing in the 
door-way, his teeth firmly set, his fists doubled and his eyes, 
which sparkled like fire, directed to the street. "What is the 
matter?" inquired he of Arthur. "Much and little of any- 
thing," muttered the latter; and, composing himself, asked 
permission to accompany the Doctor, which was granted; and 
the two friends were conducted by the boy, through dark 
streets, to a low, wretched-looking house. The two friends 
stooped to enter through the low, broken door frame, and 
ascended a rickety stair. 

On an old straw^bed lay a woman, still young, but whose 
countenance and glaring eyes caused Roland to step back- 
ward. Valmor approached, took the wrist of his patient, and 
saw at once, by the faint pulsations and difficult breathing, that 
life was ebbing away fast. After a great effort the woman 
asked : "Doctor, how long yet before I will leave my chil- 
dren ?" 

Valmor, at a glance, saw in a corner of the room, a low 
bed upon which were two children ; the oldest was looking up 
with tears streaming down his cheeks. The abode was of the 
most wretched appearance, and the most abject poverty was 
evident. On the floor lay near the lew bed, what seemed to 
be a large dog. The boy who had come after the doctor was 
standing behind him with quivering lips, and choking with 



LIGHTS AM) SHADOWS. 39 

sobs. "Be calm, my good woman," replied Yalmor. "What 
is your religious belief?*' he inquired. 

"I am a Catholic," she answered. 

' !spercd the Doctor, "go to the Jesuits and 
tell Father Clements to come here immediately." 

Twenty minutes elapsed ere the Priest arrived. "You 
have sent for me," s.iid the minister. "Yes, sir," replied the 
doctor. "I am of no use here; you are the physician she 
needs now." As the minister approached he said, "Ah, poor 
in, I recognize her ; her sorrows arc at last at an end ; 
where is her miserable, drunken husband?" he inquired. 

" Fa is on the floor asleep," answered the boy. Yalmor ap- 
proached the dog, who was not a dog, but the man lying dead 
drunk, and seizing him by the collar, said, "Arise, wretch, and 
come and see the result of your debaucheries." But it was 
of no use, he fell back to sleep away his alcohol, and to find 
in the morning his children motherless! 

It was an awiul spectacle. The Priest standing mourn- 
fully near the dying woman who held the crucifix, the image 
of Him in whom are concentrated all the sanctities and all the 
sufferings of humanity ; the Doctor stern and indignant, at 
seeing so much sorrow caused by the law ; Roland mute and 
sad ; the children crying aloud ; and now the silence was only 
interrupted by the drizzly rain striking the panes, and the 
dog-like snores of the brutal husband, keeping time with the 
gurgling sounds of the blood receding to the heart of the 
dying wife. 

All at once all was silent, only the tick of an old clock 
could be heard. The drunkard awoke — as long as there was 
noise he slept, but as a coach going rapidly and stopping sud- 
denly throws a careless passenger out of his seat — the silence 
awoke him; he rose, and on learning what had happened, 
rushed out for more drink. 

"This is fearful, sir," said Doctor Valmor to the minister, 
"and yet much of this responsibility falls upon you." 

"Upon me? Doctor," exclaimed Father Clements. 

"Not on you alone, I mean all ministers; you have more 
influence than all lay men upon the people, and if you em- 
ployed it more seriously to suppress the liquor traffic one-half 
of the crimes existing would not be committed.,, 

"You are a good man," answered the Priest, "I have 
always worked for temperance, and I will more than ever 



40 LIGHTS AND SHADOWS. 

exert my influence to suppress this evil, the license system, 
which causes so much wrong. " 

Alter providing for the burial of the woman and the im- 
mediate wants of the children, the group dispersed. 

Roland returned to the Doctor's house to await daylight, 
for it was already morning, and as they sat down, Valmor 
said; "This, my friend, is a sample of a physician's life, and 
the effect of bad laws." 

"Your profession, it is true, deserves more credit than it 
usually receives. But it cannot be possible to often see such 
poverty as we have just witnessed." 

"Ah! my friend, such abodes, such dishonorable poverty 
are very frequent in our large cities. The woman you saw 
has, no doubt, horribly suffered hunger, cold, abandonment 
and abuses; and the children, Oh, the children in such a state! 
But, I have hope; the temperance people are earnestly at 
work, and their labor will, in time, inevitably be crowned 
with success." 

"May your hope be realized," said Roland, "but pray tell 
me how it is that yuu are on such friendly terms with Father 
Clements? the Clerical press have hurled at you so many 
anathemas, your speeches in New York and in the West have 
made so many fissures in their politics, I thought all priests 
your enemies?" 

"You are mistaken, Arthur," replied Valmor, "I have 
many excellent friends among the Catholic clergy who know 
and undertand my motives. The persecution of some of 
them depends much on their defective mind; the fanaticism 
and bad heart which control their acts. Nevertheless I 
revere such men as Father Clements. 

The Romish Church is illustrated by great names, and, 
with the American writer, I am glad to say that 'their gloomy 
convents have often been brightened by fervent love to 
God and man. Her St. Louis, and Fenelon, and Massillon, 
and Cheverus! her Missionaries, who have carried Christianity 
to the ends of the earth! her Sisters of Charity who have car- 
ried relief and solace to the most hopeless want and pain; (my 
own sister Eleonore passed her life doing good among them) 
do not these teach us that in the Romish Church the Spirit of 
God has found a home? But how much, too, have other 
Churches to boast! In the English Church we meet the 
names of Latimer, Crammer, Hooker, Barrow, Leighton, 



l EGHTS AND SHADOWS. 41 

Berkley and Hodcr. In the Dissenting Calvinistic Church, 
Baxter, Haine, Motts, Goddrich and Robert Hall. Among 
the Quakers, Geo. F.ox, Wan. Penn, Rob't Barclay, Anthony 
Benezct and Jno. Woolman. In the Unitarian Church, John 
Milton, Jno. Locke, Sam'l Clarke, Price and Priestly; and 1 
add Channing and Sam'l J. May. Presbyterian Church, John 
Knox, Thos. Chalmers, etc. Methodist, Wesley and Asbury. 
Baptist, John Bunyan. Wightman and Spurgeon. Congrega- 
tional, Chas. Torrey, Lyman Beecher, Jonathan Edwards, etc. 

To repeat all these names does the heart good, providing 
we do it without severing ourselves from the Universal church. 

We must shun the spirit of sectarianism. 

Wt must shudder at the thought of shutting up God in 
any denomination. 

We must think no man the better for belonging to our 
communion; no man the worse for belonging to another. 

Sincerity in prayer, emotions of the heart in repentance 
is what pleases God. Whether under an humble roof or in 
glittering edifices, or in whatever attitude the body may be, 
the soul is always on its knees when it prays! 

Father Hecker, editor of the Catholic World says: 
'Man has no right to surrender his judgment; religion 
is a question between God and the Soul; no Human Author- 
ity, therefore, has any right to enter its sacred sphere. Every 
man was made by hts Creator to do his own thinking. There 
is no degradation so abject as the submission of the eternal in- 
terest of the Soul to the private authority, or dictation of any 
man or body of men, whatever may be their titles* 

"Grand reasoning this," exclaimed Roland, "what a 
change I notice in your manner of thinking. But, my dear 
Yalmor, your isolation would seem to me intolerable, you used 
to be found so much in society ; there was not a re-union in 
our best circles but you were present, and you were the en- 
joying and the enjoyed of all." 

"Ah, yes, Arthur, those were very happy days, and I 
thank God that I may recall them to memory ; but now I am 
poor, and of such melancholy that I find no pleasure except 
in study ; besides, true friends are rare jewels. Books are 
my true levelers. They give me, and all others who will faith- 
fully use them, the society, the spiritual presence of the best 
and greatest of our race. 

"No matter how poor I am. Xo matter though the pros- 



42 LIGHTS AND SHADOWS. 

perous of my time will not enter my obseure dwelliag, if the 
sacred writers will take their abode under my roof, if Milton 
sings to me of Paradise, or Shakespeare, Hugo, Lamartine, 
Longfellow, Tennyson, open to me worlds of imagination and 
the workings of the human heart, and Franklin enrich me 
with his practical wisdom, I shall not want for intellectual 
companionship. " 

Roland and Valmor remained silent for a few minutes; 
the former was meditating on what his friend had said; he 
rose and went to the window to hide his emotion. 

Arthur looked at the firmament; the stars were losing 
their brightness; the beautiful aurora was appearing at the 

horizon — as it was in his* heart He, too, had suffered 

much but his long lost friend had opened his heart to a 

new life, a life which he now resolved to spend for the good of 
his fellows and the true love of God. 

After seating himself again, Arthur asked of the Doctor: 
"Do you know this Sinsassa well?" 

"What Sinsassa?" 

"Why Pesto, as you call him." 

"I know enough of him to believe that he is a bad man; 
but, of course, rumors' evil tongues always make a bad man 
worse, still I have hopes for him — as we should have for all of 
our poor sinful humanity. It seems to me that this miserable 
creature has had only one-half of his nature developed, and 
that, like his one eye, he sees only one-half of humanity, and 
that happens to be the bad side of it. Early education, bad 
company as this fellow has had in his youth, is enough to 
make a bad boy a worse man; but, worst of all is that this 
semi-brute has had the great misfortune of having a drunkard 
mother, and the offspring of such women are always ill-bal- 
anced — neither idiotic nor intelligent, but wicked beings." 

"You are so charitable, Valmor, let me tell you that this 
Sinsassa, whose real name is Hans Sassauer, is the worst, 
relentless, cruel and mercenary enemy of mankind I have ever 
heard or read of. He changed his name to Sinsassa to avoid 
the police, no doubt, and, in so doing, wrote his true name — 
when read backward. 'Uriah Heap,' in Dickens' David 
Copperfield, was a decent man compared to him. 'Thenar- 
dier,' in Victor Hugo's Mistrables, was a picture of probity 
next to this fellow. Aye, the dwarf 'Quilp,' in Old Curiosity 
Shop, was an honorable man next to your Pesto. The only 



LIGHTS AND SHADOWS. 43 

human being which somewhat resembled Hans Sassauer was 
'//a/is I/Island 1 or the 'Demon of the North,' by Hugo. 
And then, when Hans hung his brother, or offered to a 
woman the skull of her son to drink in, there was a bravery 
that Sassauer, the coward, is not worthy of. 

After serving for years as a spy, informing the Southern 
planters of the hidden places of their run-away slaves, he 
became a 'runner' for recruiting army officers, and robbed the 
soldiers o( their bounties. After the war, he became a 
'resurrectionist,' and robbed the cemeteries — like a hyena — to 
eat of the revenue thereof, for he sold the bodies to medical 
colleges, and many a child suddenly disappeared when he plied 
his fearful traffic. 

One night '-God be thanked that I did not kill him when 
I recognized him last night — he stole the body of my dear 

sister, who had been interred the morning before I 

arrived at the dissecting room on time to see him receive his 
pay, and to prevent the hand of science from mutilating the 
body of my loved sister. My revolver missed him, otherwise 
his own skeleton would have remained hung in the college 
museum as a warning. Believe me, Valmor, the dwarf is a 
dangerous animal, beware of Sassauer!" 

"He may be dangerous, for those who do not know him, 
but cowards, however vicious, fear honest men; besides I sin- 
cerely believe that with patience, kindness and good examples 
we will make him, as all other bad men, better. Poverty has 
made many criminals. Franklin said, 'It is very hard for an 
empty sack to stand upright.' I understand that the sister of 
this Sassauer is supported by the public charity." 

•That does not prove his poverty," added Roland, "for 
he would starve his own mother, or even slander her for 
money's sake; besides he claims no relation, as none would 
claim him as such." 

•At this juncture, Xicodemus rushed in, and in great 
excitement, stated that he and the police had had a race after 
Pesto, whom he, the servant of Valmor, had discovered plot- 
ting to obtain the body of the poor woman whom his master 
had attended recently, and that after having drugged the 
drunkard husband, Pesto gained him as a guide to her grave, 
and, with the promises of more whiskey and money, succeed- 
ed in getting help from the brutalized husband to raise the 
body from its resting place, and which would have been sent 



44 LIGHTS AND SHADOWS. 

to the medical college had it not been for the timely inter- 
ference of the police, whom the colored man had informed." 

"Whew! massa, didn't we run, eh! And I caught him 
juf onef, yah! yah! oh! de lord! hi! and I choked him fo' 
hees oder eye muf be moft off. Hi, golly! how he ran!" 

"Did he escape?" inquired Roland. 

"O, yes sah! he did." 

"What a pity!" exclaimed Arthur. 

At this moment a bell announced that breakfast was 
ready. After the succulent repast, prepared by the good old 
mother of Valmor and his daughter, the friends parted. 

A few years later, Arthur Roland, who had married an 
accomplished lady of Cincinnati, and who was devoting much 
of his time and wealth in the cause of temperance, met his 
ever dear friend Valmor again. 

Valmor had married a well educated and gentle lady, 
much his junior, but who proved an excellent mother to his 
children, as she was a devoted and affectionate wife. 

This lady had, herself, lost her own mother when a child; 
and, shortly after, her father lost his life in a conflagration 
while attempting to save some property amidst the flames in 
which he perished. 

A generous and accomplished maiden lady, whose man- 
sion was kept by a noble brother, himself unmarried, adopted 
this chili [her little sister, two years older, being received in 
another fine home] and spared nothing for her comfort and her 
education. 

Roland had been announced to deliver a temperance ad- 
dress before a mass meeting, in a Western city, and, to his 
happy surprise, was met at the depot by Dr. Valmor, who 
took him in his barouche drawn par deux chevaux Isabel, con- 
ducted by Nicodemus, to his fine mansion. 

Happy was the meeting. All recognized Roland, except 
the new wife and the pretty little baby, who was one of the 
blessings of this new home. 

Sassauer had gone to New York City, where he attempt- 
ed to publish obscene papers, but, having been tracked by the 
police, he abandoned this and removed to San Francisco, 
where he opened a low dram-shop, in which gambling was the 
prominent feature; but, having attempted to blackmail several 
wealthy families of the town, he was imprisoned, and while 
there became dangerously sick. A minister— a countryman 



LIGHTS AND SHADOWS. 45 

of his — succeeded in opening his heart to God, and the poor 
sinner saw, for the first time, the beauty of true religion, and 
began to hope. Roland would have shaken his head and said; 

"When the <l<'vil mi stale, the devil n monk would be i 
Hut when the deyU got well, the ilevU a monk was no." 

but as Valmor said, "There is a good side to every nature; 
God has not willed his children to everlasting suffering; God 
has placed means within our reach to avoid sins, and save us 
from useless sorrows; there is no human being so depraved but 
can be redeemed. 

Sassauer was one of these; he, at last, recognized the hand 
of his master, and died wishing he had spent his life in doing 
no wrong to his fellow men. 

The precccding truthful incidents of Valmor's life, what 
are they? 

They are life with its misfortune, isolation, abandonment 
and poverty; they are battle fields which have obscure heroes. 
Firm and exceptional natures are thus created; misery which 
is nearly always a step-mother, is at times a mother; denuda- 
tion brings forth the pozuer of the soul and mind; distress is 
the nurse of pride, and misfortune is an excellent milk for the 
magnanimous. 

Can we do anything in view of Valmor's situation? 

Yes! let those whose circumstances have placed them in 
indigence imitate his honesty. 

Can we do anything to remedy the dishonorable poverty 
of tiie drunkard, and rescue him from the power of the fiend, 
his legal highway robber. 

Yes! let us go to the reputed strong and honorable, and 
ask for help. Let us go and respectfully, but firmly knock at 
the door of the powerful for assistance. 



A CITIZEN AND A JUDGE. 



Justice dwells not among them : 
Justice, the highest and best. 



To Hon. A. B. James, Justice of the U. S. Supreme Court : 

Sir : — I wish to make inquiries of the administrators of 
law and Justice, on national and righteous questions, and 
place before them facts which interest me, our Citizens — all 
freemen. Why should I seek abroad the jurist whom I find 
at home ? Of you, therefore, I wish to make these inquiries, 
Honorable Sir, and place before your eyes facts which arc 
monstrous INCONSISTENCIES, monstrous atrocities; hoping 
you will listen kindly to me, a Prohibitionist, as you are wont 
to do with your friends, my friends the Republicans of old. 

The first question to be proposed by a rational being is, 
not what is profitable, but what is right. Duty must be pri- 
mary, prominent among the objects of human thought and 
pursuit. No judgment can be just or wise but that ifhich is 
founded on the conviction of worth and importance of duty . 
This is the supreme law of reason. All prosperity not found- 
ed on it is built on sand. To hope for happiness from wrong- 
doing is as insane as to seek health by rebelling against the 
laws of nature, or making poison of our common food, and 
the mind which evades these points in its inquiries into human 
affairs is doomed to great error. 

However humble and obscure a man may be, Judge 
James, there are times when the assertion of great principles 



A CITIZEN AND A JUDGB. 47 

is the best service he can render society. The present is a 
moment of bewildering excitement, when men's minds arc 
stormed and darkened by strong passions and fierce conflicts ; 
and also a moment of absorbing worJdliness when the moral 
law is made to bow to expediency, and its high and strict re- 
quirements are denied or dismissed as metaphysical abstrac- 
tion or impracticable theories. At such times, to utter great 
principles without passion, and in a spirit of unfe%ned and 
universal good will, and, to engrave them on the people's 
mind, is to do more for humanity than to open mines of 
wealth, or to frame the most successful scheme of policy. 

Of late, our country has been convulsed by the great 
question of temperance, or rather by the feasible question of 
prohibiting laws which permit, for a certain consideration of 
money, the sale of intoxicating liquors or poisonous drinks. 
Now, Sir, will you please answer me, as an honest man and a 
Judge, whether I am mistaken or not, when I say that the 
present laws of the license system are infringing the rights of 
citizens and are unconstitutional. 

These laws are in direct violation of the rights of citizens 

It is difficult to weigh human rights against each other. 
They are all sacred and inviolable. But there are none which 
nature makes so dear to us as the right of action, of free 
motion; the right of exerting and by exertion enlarging our 
faculties of mind and body; the right of forming plans, of 
directing our powers according to our convictions of * interest 
and duty. 

Our nature hungers for self-motion as its true element 
and life. Everything that lives — insects, birds, all animals 
crave and delight in freedom of action, how much more must 
this be with the instinct — reason of a rational and moral 
being? 

What worth would be the product of the universe to a 
man forbidden to use his limbs, or shut up in prison? Our 
humanity pines and dies rather than lives in this unnatural 
restraint, it is no longer to be free, it is to be a slave to exist 
in such a state. 

Now, Sir, is it not the very result, if not the essence of 
drunkenness, to prostrate this right of action, of self-motion, 
and is this right to be weighed against gold? millions of 
human beings to be robbed of it to increase the luxuries of 



48 A CITIZEN AND A JUDGE. 

the rumseller, law-maker and law- executor who thus violate 
the rights of citizens? 

If you have read the preceding pages, you have noticed 
that I have shown clearly what constitutes a free-man, and, 
under the caption of liberty, what our rights and our obliga- 
tions consist of; and I do not question your understanding by 
a repetition of words, but when a subtle enemy — for an enemy 
you are^o the Prohibitionists — is defeated by moral proofs 
he will flank his adversary by expediencies and subterfuges, it 
is well, therefore, to define thoroughly my questions. 

Man has rights by nature. They are gifts of the Creator 
bound up with our moral constitution, they constitute man's 
capacity for society, and are the great object of social institu- 
tions, and all who reason understand this, for consciousness of 
rights is inseparable from the human soul. Your laws give to 
a man the privilege, the power to ensnare this conscious being, 
to nullify his will, to annul his power and to appropriate all 
of his person by DRUGGING him with intoxicants and poison- 
ous agents. Is not this violating the natural rights of the 
citizen? 

Man's rights belong to him as a moral being. As soon 
as he becomes conscious of duty he feels that he has a right 
to do what sense of duty enjoins, and that no foreign force or 
will can obstruct his moral power without crime. He feels 
that the sense of duty was given to him as a law, that it 
makes him responsible for himself; he may want words to do 
justice to his thoughts, but he feels that divine principles 
which make him essentially equal to all around him, and that 
to unfold, exercise and obey that law is the end of his being, 
and that no one has a moral right to offer him opposition. 

Your laws which create and maintain the liquor traffic are 
mentally deficient, morally cruel and physically tyranical and 
criminal, for, by their power thousands of moral beings are 
deprived of their rights in being deprived of their conscious- 
ness and power to exercise their rights. — Thus these laws at- 
tack and violate the citizens. 

With mental rights it is worse, for a sot cannot under- 
stand, an imbecile cannot reason — and the drunkard and 
drunken are one or both— and, without a clear and vivid in- 
tellect, no moral or physical rights can be assumed. 

But you may tell me that wealth is as necessary to com- 
munities as to individuals, that without taxes a village, city, 



A CI i !. l N AND A JUDGJ . 49 

state or government could not improve, and would be thrown 
into bankruptcy, that from the liquor traffic enormous reve- 
nue are received, that commerce is increased by the sale of 
liquor, and that, without it, many influential merchants would 
be ruined or end their branch of industries. 

What matters it that the liquor traffic in Maine, Massa- 
chusetts, Vermont and other places is abolished ? Do the 
people starve there ? Are not their beautiful cities, villages 
and commonwealths prosperous — more prosperous than ever? 
Are not their jails vacant in many places, their almshouses 
almost tenantless, their prisons nearly free of inmates ? In 
one county, you receive a thousand dollars of revenue from 
the liquor taxes to ten thousands of dollars expenses you in- 
cur to support paupers at large, poor-houses and jails, and 
to sustain legal process ad infinitum. 

What a country most needs is, not an increase of its ex- 
ports, but the well-being of all classes of its population. 

When we see the fruits of industry diffusing themselves 
through the mass of a community, finding their way to the 
very hovel, and raising the multitude of men to new civiliza- 
tion and self-respect, we cannot grieve much, even though 
it should appear that the liquor traffic is abolished,; it is not 
the quantity but the distribution, the use of products which 
determine the prosperity of a State. 

Were the grain which is now grown for distillation, annu- 
ally destroyed by fire, or were all the ships freighted with 
liquors to sink on approaching our shores, so that the crews 
might be saved, how immensely would the happiness, honor 
and real strength of the country be increased, by the insignifi- 
cant loss, by the springing up of a new virtuous industry now 
excluded by drunkenness! 

As to individuals who are not ashamed to offer to their 
fellow-beings, in full noon-day, in this age of enlightenment, 
alcoholic or malt liquors, which are admitted by all scientific 
and honest chemists and physicians to be deadly poisons ; to 
entice a poor hard working man into their dens, and by all 
sorts of cunning and allurements, make him wild and insensi- 
ble in order to rob him the better of his scanty earnings with 
which he intended to obtain the necessaries of life for his wife 
and his little children, and who will have now to pass their 
nights with hunger and cold ; I say, as to these hard hearted 
enemies of mankind, what if they have less of the poor 



50 A CITIZEN AND A JUDGE. 

women and children's money to revel in the luxuries of their 
rich mansions ? 

Is it nothing that the old unfurnished hut of the drunk- 
ard is, in many places, giving way to the more comfortable 
cottage? Is it nothing that there the ties of marriage, love, 
happiness and virtuous prosperity are indissoluble ? Are the 
many always to be sacrificed to the few ? 

Suppose that some 'of us were to choose to either live on 
bread and water and other meagre food or that thousands of 
us should be obliged to be reduced to slavery in order to sus- 
tain the rest of our inhabitants as princes, amidst all possible 
luxuries, this proposition would be indignantly rejected, and 
all would rather rise to arms, than stoop their neck to the 
yoke ! So we all feel when the case is brought home to our^ 
selves. Yet are there not hundreds of thousands who suffer, 
directly or indirectly, through your laws of the license 
system? 

I know that liquor manufacturers and sellers will say, 
" But you would make us poor !" 

Be poor, then, and thank God for your honest poverty. 
Better be poor than unjust. Better beg than steal. Better 
live in an almshouse — better die than trample on a fellow- 
creature and reduce him to a brute for selfish gratification. 

Drunkenness upheld for gain is a great crime. Every 
morsel of food thus forced from the injured ought to be more 
bitter than gall. The sweat of the drunkard taints the luxu- 
ries for which it streams. Better were it for the rumseller to 
eat the poor man's coarse food, to clothe himself in his rai- 
ment, to till his fields with his own hands, or work as our 
honest inhabitants do in our lumber and ship yards, and mills, 
and manufactories, and farms, and railways, rivers, lakes, and 
in so many honest and honorable ways to earn a decent 
living, than to pamper himself by day, and pillow himself on 
down at night at the cost of a wantonly injured felloiv crea- 
ture ! 

In hardening his heart against his fellow men, the liquor 
dealer or maker sears it to all true joy. He may prosper, in- 
deed, and hold taster the drunkard by whom he prospers, but 
rivets more .ignominious chains on his soul than he lays on 
others. He sows the wind but he will harvest the tempest ! 

The choked sobs of the lonely and suffering wife, the sad 
Countenance of the half naked and half starved children, the 



scent who opens his compressed lips, now and then, 
to utter a murmuring curse against his father's keeper, arc all 
many cries to heaven for retribution, and the decree of 
the omnipotent justice. 

The rumseUer can hand over his victim to a ready police 
who will take the drunkard to the abode of criminals, but 
there is a police he cannot avoid, it is the ever burning re- 
morse, reproving, avenging voice in his own breast, especially 
when lie meets the poverty-stricken wives and children whose 
uch fou! means. 
The license laws are unconstitutional. 

The Declaration of Independence, in Congress asscni- 
and upon which the Constitution oi the United States 
was framed, says that "among the certain inalienable rights 
with which the Creator has endowed man, arc life, liberty and 
the pursuit of happiness, that whenever any form of gov- 
ernment becomes destructive oi these ends, it t is the right of 
\ to alter or abolish it. " 
Article Fifth of the Amendment of the Constitution 
says that "no person shall be deprived of life, liberty or prop- 
erty, without due process ot law. " Now, Sir, are not all the 
results of the license laws in direct violation of the liberty, 
the right of life and property, and the happiness of all eit - 
iretts t + 

We are assured by the forty signers of the Constitution 
of the United States that it was "ordained and established, in 
order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure 
domestic- tranquility, promote the general welfare and secure 
the blessing of LIUtRTV to their posterity." Again I ask 
you. is the rum traffic making a more perfect union among 
men? (it may be, at fehe polls, between an aspiring office- 
seeker and a drunkard voter), did it ever establish justice? 
Does it insure domestic tranquility ? Does it promote the 
welfare of the people — except tin- legislator who is mrde, by 
the gold of the liquor dealers, subservient to it, and the ex- 
ecutive which it may bribe — and I > 1 1 > IT EVER She URE BLESS- 
IN ANY FORM ? 

Is not the license law a flagrant contradiction with the 
Constitution of this country, and in contravention with all th 
rights it imports, and to which you and I, and all of us are 
entitled to? if so, why do you, Judge James, lend your aid 
nport it in courts? why d^ you not rel 



52 A CITIZEN AND A JUDGE. 

ence to a political party or parties, which enacts such laws ? 
why do you shut your ears to the entreaties of patriots? Has 
prosperity so dulled your sense of duty, and hardened your 
heart, as a public man, that you will not only refuse a hearing 
of the oppressed families of drunkards, but you will persecute 
— indirectly — those who are actuated by principles and pure 
motives? 

But you may say, with your friends, "educate the people, 
they are not yet ready for prohibition of the manufacture and 
sale of liquors, which, I am obliged to acknowledge, is the 
best law to ensure the prosperity of our inhabitants. 

But, my dear Judge, do you think that the Americans 
are still in their infancy? if so, it is a compliment I, a for- 
eigner, would never have thought to pay to them. 

What ! in this age of progress and almost universal edu- 
cation, when the world has witnessed for centuries the hor- 
rors of the criminal liquor law, and the blessings of the be- 
nign influence of ttemperance, you ask for more delay for ed- 
ucation on the subject ; and what educators will you give us? 

I will not insult you even by thinking that you would en- 
tertain, for one moment, the thought to indicate publishers 
who infest the land with their pestilential papers. Individuals 
who have no honor to loose nor character to sustain, and 
who, fur want of brain and dignity, cannot maintain them- 
selves at the height of decent public writers, feed the morbid 
desires of the lowest strata of society with their virulence, 
and, to please the keepers of dram-shops, throw their ven- 
omous sputa upon the benefactors of their race. Indeed, 
you would cry : "Beware of that leprosy!" But you would 
give us for guides such journalists [respectable in their pri- 
vate character] who, once the advocates of freedom, have 
become the deadly enemies of reform influence, of free 
thought and free speech ? 

You would give us for instructors men who have 
preached temperance for an effect, but when they perceived 
their political party ranks deciminated by the swelling pha- 
lanxes of Prohibitionists, have villified their best friends at 
each electoral contest ? 

You would give us for mentors, in this holy cause, the 
sycophants of corrupted partisans and the base flatterers of 
power? If so, we may well expect an endless catalogue of 
insults and abuses on the independent thinkers. 



A CITIZEN AND A JUDGE. 53 

x What have not the enemies of Prohibitionists done? 

They have, in many instances, seized the press — that 
powerful lever o\ civilization, that palladium of our liberties, 
and made it subservient to their policy' 

That mighty lightning which encircled the globe with 
knowledge, they have used it to paralyze the most noble 
etVorts of free men. That glorious crown which has covered 
the heads of the immortal Guttenberg, the noble Franklin, 
the honest Greeley, the philanthropic Thurlow Weed, and the 
scholarly and energetic Bryant, they have thrown it into rub- 
bish. 

They have bribed the printer, that great teacher of the 
public whose noble mission is to toil through his great popu- 
lar book to accellarate the wheel of progress, and have* used 
his great influence over the masses for evil ! 

They have degraded the noble art by persecuting free 
men who sought, not for money or position, the welfare of 
the people ; and those who have not lost all sense of duty in 
this great conflict, and would not prostitute their pen so far 
as to attack the soldiers of our cause, they have made them 
deaf to our entreaties by pouring gold in their ears! 

Oh! What a slanderous course have those papers taken, 
of late, against men of true independence ? They continu- 
ally hold to the eyes of the good people of this country that 
our creed is a curse, that moderate drinking is a blessing, and 
that Prohibitionists are fanatics that must be got rid of. Nay . 
they have even added private slander and cowardly concealed 
malignity to a hostile attack. O no, Judge James, such edu- 
cators will never be accepted by the guardians of the people's 
liberty. 

teach, it is necessary, for the best of laws to be 
enforred [especially iu the United States, where laws are 
by the bushel and enforced by the peck] must have a 
people to sustain them, but until another genera- 
tion — of Prohibitionists has sprung up, make laws which will 
protect the incurable ; nay do not make laws which create 
drunkards 

•Hut," you may say, ■what will the medical profession do 
without the valuable agency of Alcohol in medicines? and 
then, too, the sacramenti must be administered — wine mu^t 
be had, etc. etc. " 

Ah! y :s the rub.' "Physicians must give Alco- 



54 A CITIZEN.AND A JUDGE. 

hol — as a medicine." Patients who never drank it must take 
it and the two-third of drunkards are thus made. 

After that, we will have temperance meetings, form clubs, 
wear the sign of the fraternity and make drunkards "sign the 
pledge," and, if these reformed men keep their - sacred prom- 
ises, away from the dram shops, being converted they will go 
to church, and, as good Christians they must partake of the 
sacred cups, which, in the majority of churches yet contains 
the "poison of dragons and the venom of asps" and fall again! 

The limits of this book do not allow us to discuss these 
phases of the question as it should be. In our lectures we 
have presented this theme at sufficient length, and for those 
whom theories, discussions however plain and logical may be 
difficult to thoroughly understand, we have accompanied our 
lectures with chemical experiments, which have convinced the 
most skeptical or the most obtuse of the truth of our asser- 
tions, and, although we have been sometimes attacked by a 
few cowards and charlattans — after our departure — in our ab- 
sence, of course, we have not found, in our thousands of au- 
diences, in as many localities, in this country and abroad, 
practical and scientific men to contradict us in our statements 
that 

(i) Alcohol is a poison for which there is no real antidote! 

(2) Alcohol is not a food ! 

(3) Alcohol should never be used as a restorative or medi- 
cine, and that 

Alcohol is NOT a stimulant ! 

Let us, if "you please, Judge, consider a few points of this 
important question: 

I. 

That Alcohol is the most frightful poison in existence — 
so characterized by the bible — no one denies, but that it has 
no antidotes in existence is ignored by many. 

No agents can neutralize Alcohol, and it is not until the 
vital force, when not entirely destroyed by a large quantity of 
this poison, has cast it off from the body, that its poisonous 
effects can be reasonably expected to have been removed. 
Alcohol acts as a poison by hindering the excretion of carbon- 
ic acid, by preventing digestion [instead of assisting it, as so 
many physicians have ignorantly and so long declared"] in idls- 



A CI1 [ZEN AND A Jl DGE. 55 

troying the gastric juice and shrinking the food. It acts as 
poison by preventing the assimilation of food in coagulating 
them when in a fluid state, and preventing them to reach their 
destination- in minute blood vessels, or causing, in man)- instan- 
ces, insanity, as the heart would then pump the harder to push 
the blood into these minute blood vessels — in the brain — 
which rupture in consequence. It acts as poison by dissolv 
ing the iron in the blood, which is so important a vital part of 
our body, as it dissolves camphor, iodine and iron before our 
eyes. It acts as a poison by changing the natural actions of 
the sensory nerves — as in that most terrific and dreadful of 
diseases, "delirium tremens," so that a friend appears as an 
enemy; music sounds like the hissing of serpents or the rat- 
tling of chains; the softest surface feel like the edges of knives 
or point of pins; the sweetest morsel is nauseating and frag- 
rant (lowers revolts the olfactory. 

The best Alcohol contains fusil oil — a most deadly poison 
say all chemists. 

The U. S., the American, the British, the Dublin, the 
French, and all the dispensatories in the world say that Alco- 
hol is a poison. Dungleson's and Copeland's Medical diction- 
aries say so. Prof. Silliman, in his chemistry, says it is a pow- 
erful and dangerous drug. Dr. Munroe, of England, says it 
is a powerful narcotic poison; no antidote is known. Dr. El- 
mer, of New York, says the same. Dr. Carpenter, the great 
physiologist, read by medical men every where, says the same; 
so does Dr. Orfila, in his writings. Dr. Pereira says the same; 
and so do Drs. Lees, Christison, Richardson, Chambers, Berk 
and Taylor. 

II. 

Alcohol is not an aliment inasmuch as it goes out as it 
went in — unchanged! It does not digest, therefore cannot 
nourish, even admitting it contained food property. Deriva- 
tives of Alcohol are never found in either the blood or tis- 
sues. 

In Alcohol we find no iron or salts for the blood; no lime 
or phosphorous for the bones; no nitrogen in any form, for 
vital tissue of any kind, nor is it a solid as all real food must 
be. Dr. W. B. Carpenter, with hundreds, if not thousands 



56 A CITIZEN AND A JUDGE. 

[and the number increases every day] of the best medical men 
of the age agree to this; notwithstanding Drs. Thudichum and 
Simon, of London, who attempted, on theoretical grounds, to 
include alcoholics in partial definition of food, that it burnt in 
the body and made it warmer instead of colder — which it docs 
not ! 

Alcohol destroys the casein — the curd — in milk, and robs 
children of their nourishment while at the breast of drinking 
nurses; and, by these women's usage of beer, the innocent 
babes have suffered infiamation, convulsions, emaciation and 
death. 

Sir A. Carlisle, the celebrated surgeon, says of fermented 
liquors : — "The next in order of mischief is their employment 
by nurses, a common occasion of dropsy in the brain in in- 
fants. The future moral habits, the temper and intellectual 
propensities are greatly influenced by the early effects of fer- 
mented liquors upon the brain and. sensorial organs." 

Dr. Inman, of Liverpool, in his "New Theory of Disease" 
(1861) says: — "I have known a glass of whiskey toddy, taken 
by the mother, to produce sickness and indigestion 2A hours 
thereafter." "It is a serious error," adds Dr. Ed. Smith, "to 
believe that alcoholics support the system and maintain the 
supply of milk for the infant;" and the delusion goes on, bol- 
stered up by the venal testimonies so readily obtained, and so 
widely advertised, by pale ale, porter and beer brewers, who 
live in riches upon the ignorance and demoralization of man- 
kind. 

Dr. Lyon Playfair, C. B., Professor of Chemistry in the 
University of Edinburg, having analyzed a specimen of these 
"highly nourishing" drinks, reports that of blood forming mat- 
ter it contains exactly one part in 1666 parts ! 

Baron Liebig, in his "chemical letters" states that the 
whole purpose of brewing is to get rid of the nitrogenous blood 
forming elements of the grain, and to transmute the useful 
sugar into alcohol. "We can prove," says he, "with mathe- 
matical certainty, that as much flour as can lie on the point of 
a table knife is more nutritious than eight quarts of the best 
Bavarian beer ! that a person who is able daily to consume 
that amount of beer, obtains from it, in a whole year, in the 
most favorable case, exactly the amount of nutritive constitu- 
ents which is contained in a five pound loaf, or in three pounds 
of flesh!" 



\ [ZEN AND A DGE. 57 

>. twenty centum I a fact in physiolo- 

.cn he forbade the use of "wine" to the newly married; 
s the brain oi the unborn child, it strikes a blow at 
a and virtue in the very womb." 

f being assimilated or converted 
principle — hence it cannot be con- 
evidence that Alcohol 
1 the blood. If it is, where arc the oxtdes? 
. as chemistry can teach us, by experiment and an- 
. alcohol would produce aldehyde, acetic acid and 
acid and water. It is not shown that, after the 
use o hoi, carbonic acid and water have been pro- 

in greater quantities, while the aldehyde and acetic acid 
are not found at all, though their presence is easily detected 
in the blood when introduced through the stomach. When 
we can find rust in evidence. If you have 
burnt wood or coal, where are the ashes!' Have you consuni- 
'.-•ase, then, show me the shells] Produce the 
tives of Alcohol if it has been changed. 

Dr. W. B. Carpenter, in his "Manual of Physiology," 
impressively observes : — "Water serves as the medium by 
which all alimentary material is introduced into the system; 
for, until dissolved in the juices of the stomach, food cannot 
be truly received into the economy. It is water which holds 
the organizable materials of the blood cither in solution or 
suspension, and thus serves to convey them through the 
minute y pores into the substance of the solid tis- 

It is water which, mingled in various textures, gives to 
them the consistence they require. And it is water which 
takes up the products of their decay and conveys them by a 
most complicated system of sewage, altogether out of the 
body ; no other liquid can supply its place ; and the de- 
privation of water is felt even more severely than the depriva- 
tion of food. Alcohol cannot answer any one of these im- 
portant purposes for which the use of water is re- 
quired in the system ; whilst', on the other hand, it antago- 
nizes many of those purposes by its power of precipitating 
most of the organic compounds whose solution in writer is 
essential to their appropriation by the living body. This is 
what renders alcohol hostile to digestion. Two agents more 
utterly antagonistic in their function than alcohol and water 



58 A CITIZEN AND A JUDGE. 

cannot be found, for what is done by one is directly undone 
by the other." 

Please be patient, Judge, one or two more quotations, 
from high authorities — on this point. 

Dr. Turner, in his "Elements of Chemistry," says : — 
"Alcohol greedily absorbs water from the atmosphere ; and 
deprives animal substances of the water they contain , causing 
them to shrivel up. Hence its use in preserving anatomical 
preparations." 

Dr. Hooper, in his "Lexicon Medicum," says : — "Alco- 
hol has a very strong affinity for water, combining with it in 
every preparation ; it even separates the water from several 
salts when they are dissolved in it, and precipitates the solid 
matter" — and yet modern physicians mix alcohol with pep- 
sine ("Wine of Pepsine") before giving it to patients to pro- 
mote digestion — oh, how scientific !" 

Alcohol then, contrasting in all its physiological proper- 
ties with water, cannot be regarded as drink, any more than 
food, since the one purpose of drink — that of acting as a 
vehicle ox menstruum of digestion and circulation — is coun- 
teracted exactly to the extent to which it is introduced into 
the system of any living thing, whether vegetal or animal. 

III. 

Alcohol is not a curative agent; it is not a stimulant. 

Were we to admit that Alcohol is a curative agent, it 
would be an argument against its common use. Medicines 
are for the diseased, not the healthy, and what makes them 
medicines at all is their peculiar power to produce extraordin- 
ary changes in the body. Medicines and food are contraries, 
related respectively to disease and health. If Alcoholics were 
really useful as medicines, or even adjuncts to medical treat- 
ment, certain conditions should be observed in their use, which 
is rarely done. 

(i) The disease must be there and understood before the 
supposed remedy can be administered. 

(2) It must be known that the Alcohol is the essential 
part of the remedy, and not a mere accident. For example, 
when brandy (can you often find that liquor in this country?) 
and hot water is given for spasms, the real remedy is heat. 



K CITIZEN AND A Jt'DGfe. S S> 

(3) The nature and strength of the liquor must be knouTi 
Which it rarely is. Besides, it is often adulterated with powei- 
ful drugs that will effect the benefit ascribed to the spirit. 

(4) Above all, the exact condition of the patient, and 
the time for the administration, with all the proper tests, must 
be reduced to a system and science ; otherwise the prescrip- 
tion is mere quackery. Where are these conditions fulfilled? 

(5) Lastly, careful and comprehensive experiments should 
be made in administering alcohol tor certain classes of dis- 
ease, showing the benefit of the practice by the lessened mor- 
tality. Where are these? 

Alcohol is generally prescribed where symptoms are ob- 
scure, or where other things have failed, with the mere 
chance or hope that the case may hit. In some instances, 
the nature of the disease has been entirely mistaken — hence 
the remedy." Thus, Doctors and patients are in mistake and 
in misfortune, which reminds rae of an incident that you will 
•permit me" to give as an illustration : 

An old Judge [I do not wish to be personal] was once 
told that he would eventually be attacked by paralysis.' This 
news did not soothen the nerves of the old gentleman. One 
evening, he was dining with an old lady acquaintance, at 
whose beautiful mansion the fashionables often met. Thc.t 
evening, there were many guests present, and all were en- 
joying themselves, when the old Judge, who was sitting near 
the lady of the house, raised his hands and cried out : "It 
has come! It has come!" "What has come?" responded 
the guests in dismay. "Why, paralysis ! I have been pinch- 
ing my leg for these five minutes, and I can not feel my 
hand." •Indeed!" exclaimed the old lady, "It is my leg 
that you have been pinching all this time." 

What causes drinkers, after a long and frequent debauch, 
to have a disinclination for fermented liquors, which is soon 
followed by a feeling of disgust at the idea of alcohol, and 
which make so many drunkards promise, while under this in- 
fluence, to reform? It is because a large amount of carbona- 
ceous food is unconsumed, by the effect of alcohol, and nature 
is compelled to protest! 

When cod liver oil is administered to persons accustomed 
to drink daily a certain quantity of "wine," says Liebig, "it 
happens that the inclination for "wine" is diminished, so 



60 A CITIZEN AND A JUDGE. 

that at last they can take no "wine" at all, obviously 
because alcohol and fat-oil in this case mutually impede the 
excretion of each other through the skin and lungs." And 
yet how many physicians order their consumptive patients to 
take whiskey, "wine," beer or porter with their cod liver oil? 
What a brilliant jewel is their consistency! 

Fyfe and Prout have clearly shown, by their experiments, 
published in the "Annals of Philosophy," that less carbonic 
acid is eliminated in the breath after the use of beer, "wine" 
and porter, and less heat or vital force is produced, that al- 
coholics hinder the excretion of foul air from the body, and 
retain effete, bad matter of various kinds; thus the benefit 
of fresh air and exercise are counteracted. 

Public writers are always insisting upon the need of 
pure air and sanitary regulations, and yet fail to see the im- 
portant fact that the use of alcoholics violates both conditions! 

Brocker finds evidences that alcohol "retains effete matter 
in the blood, and, by his experiments with Rhenish 'wine' 
proves that it largely lessened the amount of carbonic acid 
breathed out, and stops the excretion of earthy phosphates, 
thus retaining the ashes in the living house, and stopping ventila- 
tion." 

You have read, Judge, of the wonderful case of Alexis St. 
Martin? %% It has been positively proven, by sure tests and 
many experiments in the visible living stomach of this man, 
that alcohol is not decomposed and passes away from the 
body unchanged, and that is patent to all, by mere smell, with 
the characteristic odors of whiskey, "wine," rum, beer, etc., 
rapidly escaping from the breath of the drinker. But to please 
the whimsical and obstinate, ignorant or Rip Van Winkle sort 
of physicians who insist that some of the alcohol burns in the 
body, we will admit that for one moment; but, to use the 
words of Dr. Lees, "if, possibly, some of the alcohol is burnt 
up, it must necessarily be by robbing the blood of oxygen (a 
fixed quantity) intended, first, to burn up the effete tissues of 

it Whilst in the employ of the Hudson B.iy Company, this French Can- 
adian, received in his side the contents of a shot gun, accidentally discharged, in 
the hands of an Indian, He was unexpectly cured by Dr. Beaumont, of Toronto, 
who was the physician in that expedition. But an aperture, or hole, was left in 
his stomach the remainder of his life, so that any one could see into that organ, 
and to a Certainty ascertain the time required for digestion of any kind of lood, 
and the effect of alcoholics upon the food, mucous membrane, and gastric juice. 
St. Martin was exhibited and lectured upon by Dr. Bondy. all over the world, and 



A CITIZEN AND A JUDGE. 6l 

..mo; and, second, to oxidize the innocent and normal 
oils and fatty matters in the blood; and if it does that, then it 
.1 more valuable fuel than it- />.'.r<-,/. and cou- 

ntry the body becomes cooler; while at the same time, 
waste matter being unduly kept in the system, the vital tone 
is lowered, and diseases of congestion are set up." Ami, 
with Dr. Aitken, we add : •'//' some of the alcohol is decom- 

I in the body, its hydrogen enters into combination with 
oxygen, which, with accetic acid, [not yet detected, however, 
if produced], carbonic acid and water are formed. Oxygen 
is thus diverted from its proper functions, the exhalation of 
csrbonic acid at the lungs is diminished botli absolutely ^nd 
relatively, and less urea is exceted by the kidneys." 

Then, all . ,on both sides of the question, there- 

fore pi the retention of substances 

\ \\. e. cast out] and the cftect of 
this retention of effete [or waste"] matter is still more intensified 
by the irritant action of alcohol in increasing, for a limited 
period, the frequency ol functional acts, followed as it is by a 
corresponding depression of the nervous system.' Thus dis- 
eases are not only produced by alcohol but their removal pre- 
vented, and the cure of patients postponed — if they hare 
strength enough to overcome the shock, and recover in the 
lis caused by — the "Doctor's" absence. 

Alcohol, even in moderate doses, sensibly alters the char- 
acter of the blood. This has been shown by a series of ex- 
periments and microscopic observations instituted by Shultz, 
Yirshow, Boeker and others, who all agree that alcoholics ex- 
cite the vesicles to an increased and unnatural contraction, 
which deprives them of caloring matter and hurries them on 
to the last stages of development : i. e. induces their prema- 
ture death. The frail vesicles lose all vital resistance, less 
oxygen being absorbed, and less carbon being carried out, and 
the plasma itself becomes an irritant to the circulating and se- 
creting organs. 

This is the reason why alcoholized blood cannot suitably 
nourish the body, and how especially it is unfit to promote 
the healing of wounds and inflamed parts. 

If I should give you the results of my own experience, 
during my twenty years of practice of medicine and surgery, 
I could fill volumes as to the results of my treatment with 
alcoholics, and those of the past fifteen years' treatment with- 



$2 A CltlZEN ANfc A JUfiOB. 

out the use (at all) of that drug, the latter treatment Compar- 
ing immensely in favor of entirely disregarding its use in 
treatment of disease of any kind. I will merely mention two 
instances : 

When I was in the American army [of the North, of 
course] during the Rebellion, I was acting surgeon in the 
Island of Roanoke. N. C. An order, issued by the Medical 
Director of our department [the 18th army corps], compelled 
us to give all soldiers, well or sick, a "ration" of 4 grains 
of quinine and 4 ounces of whisky as a preventative against 
fever and ague. A subaltern officer must obey his superior 
(?) officer, and, much against my judgment as this order was, 
I had to execute it. The effect of the miasma in those re- 
gions was so powerful (did the whisky assist the malaria ?) 
that a great many of our poor soldiers died very rapidly. 

Communications were cut-off; food and medicines were 
wanting ; the store of whisky or other alcoholics was, thank 
God, exhausted, and we had to battle with fevers without 
their aid ; and lo ! to the astonishment of the natives and the 
ruglar — Savantissime Doctors — we cured typhoid fever much 
better than we did when we used the poison. 

A few years ago, I was called, at one o'clock in the morn- 
ing, to see one of my patients — die. He was a young man, 
the only support of a widowed mother. His case was typhoid 
fever, and of the third week duration. On my arrival, I 
found three other physicians at the bedside — all summoned in 
haste, my partner being one of them. The boy's hands and 
feet were cold up to the elbows and knees, hicough rattled 
in his throat — death was invading fast ; the mother was on 
her knees, calling on God for help ! One of the physicians 
was advising "turpentine and brandy." "No, gentlemen," I 
replied, "Please, no brandy." "Ha, here is our friend, crazy 
as ever on temperance," said the adviser. "Gentlemen," I 
retorted, "this is no place nor time for jests. I am now talk- 
ing science, if you please." The mother rose and with a look 
of despair, asked me if I thought I could save her boy. I 
replied I'll try, then she turned to the other physicians, and said : 
"let us try without liquors;" and, after a pause, she added, 
"let my boy die of typhoid fever, but he will not die the death 
of a drunkard— as his father did ! ! 

We applied mustard, capsicum, ammonia and milk, and 



A CITIZEN and A H I 63 

he is now a living example that typhoid fever can be cured 
without alcoholics. 

I declare that to give alcohol internally — as a curative, is 
consummate quackery! The idea of giving alcohol in Ty- 
phoid, Bilious or Scarlet fevers, Dysentery, Rheumatism, 
Congestion, Gout or Consumption when they promote them, 
is as great a humbug, and as cruel a treatment as blood 
letting, continual purging and blistering were in the olden 
time; j and as the inoculation of a filthy virus matter in the body 
of a healthy child to prevent small-pox is in our days. (I am 
happy to see the energetic protests of eminent medical men 
against the disgusting practice of "vaccination." Let every 
man and woman who love their children resist the accursed 
and tyranical law of compulsory vaccination — if they have to 
do it by force. Protect your family from this as from other 
pestilence). No doubt I shall receive severe (?) criticism 
from some of our medical "diplomats" for this new attack on 
this old humbug of Jenner, who was so well paid for that neat 
discovery, but we are ready for them, if they wish to discuss 
the question.) 

Alcohol is not a stimulant proper. Let us see. 

The nerves are the directors of the vital force, and are, 
in a sense, associated with the soul. Like the telegraphic 
wire, or telephone, they receive and transmit messages. 
Without nerves, no life. If we should cut the nerves at the 
wrist, we could place our hand in the flames without suffering 
any pain. 

The Brain is the great nerve centre. The smell, taste, 
sight, hearing, and touch originate from the Sensorium. The 
Cerebellum — the Motor nerve, on receiving a message from 
the Sensory nerve, sends a stimulus to the muscles, and they 
contract or extend — at the will of these nerves, which meet in 
the same sanctuary where thought comes, and emotion re- 
sults. And so it is with all the functions of this body, the 
noblest work of God. Each condition or element measures 
the other. 

Alcohol is taken into body, it excites the nerves, and 

:At cage 63. of Minutes of Evidence, etc. Haslam says: "The period of 
physicking oontinued from the middle of May. regulated by the season, to the 
latter end of September. Two bleeding*, according to discretion, half a dozen 
<*raeties. if there Should be no impediment to th-lr exhibition : and the remainder 
of the tim». until Michaelmas, a cathartic once a week'' 

I have b|«d one hundred and rift v patient! a) one rime" said Bn/an 
F."ni!irM os Insanity :' 



64 A CITIZEN AND A JUDGE. 

then paralyses them so that they receive no message nor can 
they send them — as when the telegraph is cut. Is Alcohol a 
"Stimulant '/" 

A Stimulant tends to cure paralysis, it does not produce 
it. A man is "dead, drunk 1 ' — by the action of Alcohol ; is he 
stimulated, — or paralyzed ? The nerve which keeps the heart 
in motion is paralyzed by alcohol, and death ensues ; is that, 
body now stimulated ? 

But you may say, "those results are the effect of large 
doses." 

A small dose has the same tendency in proportion. If 
four quarters make a whole, and a man gets drunk with four 
glasses of whisky — (and I have known men who would be- 
come insensible with three glasses of that poison), then he is 
quarter drunk when he has taken one glass. If a person say 
that one glass of alcoholic liquor does not change his mental 
condition, then he acknowledges that he has no mental power, 
— no brain ! 

An amputation is to be performed ; the Surgeon gives 
chloroform ; the patient becomes so insensible that he does 
not feel the terrible operation. A great part of this Anaes- 
thetic is alcohol ! . . . .The eminent Surgeon, Dr. Williard Park- 
er, of New York, said to a reporter of the World y recently : 
"Before the discovery of Anaesthetics, if we had to cut off a 
man's leg, or do any other important surgical operation, it 
was our custom to give the patient a good stiff horn of whis- 
ky or brandy, which acted in the same way, only not so pow- 
erfully. We did not make the patient drunk, but did the op- 
eration while he was under the influence of alcohol, etc." 
Now, is alcohol a stimulant ? 

Sir Benjamin Brodie, F. R. S., after a long life of expe- 
rience, says: "Alcoholics do not create nervous power ; they 
merely enable you, as it were, to use up that which is left and 
then leave you more in need than before." 

Baron Liebig says: "Spirits, by their action on the 
nerves, enable one to make up deficient power at the expense 
of the body. lie Consumes his capital instead of his in? 
terest." 

Prof. Pereira says : "Beer is not fitted for ordinary use, 
on account of its INTOXICATING and STUPEFYING qualities."' 

Dr. Chas, Wilson says : "No circumstances can render 



a ri n/i-.v ami a JUDGE. 65 

the N moderate use of intoxicating fluids either beneficial or 
necessary, or even inocuous." 

Dr. 11. 15. Madden says : 'Alcohol is not the natural 

%lms to any of our organs, and hence functions performed 
in consequence of its application, tends to debilitate the organ 
acted upon. " 

And thus it is that persons who grow "fat," — not fleshy, 
by the degeneration of the flesh, through the action of alco- 
holics, loose their bulk very rapidly when sick, and become 
so weak, — so worn out, that in a great many instances, they 
cannot recover — even under the effect of real stimulants and 
tonics. 

Prof. Lehman says : "We should forbid the use of spir- 
ituous drinks, and not prescribe tinctures, which hinder the 
necessary excretion of carbonic acid." 

Dr. E. Smith says: — It greatly lessens the muscular 
tone and power, there is much evidence that it lessens nervous 
power." 

Professors Lallemand and Perrin, of Paris, with Prof. 
Duroy and Dr. K. Chambers, physician to the Prince of 
Wales, and Dr. Ed. Smith say: — "It is very doubtful 'if alco- 
hol has ever the effect of stimulant upon the nervous system, 
even in the most moderate dose, and for the shortest period of 
time." 

Dr. Munroe, lecturer in the medical college of Hull, Eng- 
land, says: — "The only effect alcohol has upon the system is 
that of an irritant, the heart pumps so much the faster to get 
rid of the intruder!' 

A cyclopedia only could adequately exhibit the forms of 
mental perversion caused by the irritating property of this 
poison — from irritable temper to outrageous crime. The 
a^assin Booth, and the Emperor Theodore are two of the 
worn examples on the tableaux of modern history — ne\er to 
be forgotten. 

The celebrated German physician, Dr. Rudolph Masing, 
says that alcohol is rejected out of the body [thank God for 
that!] through the kidneys, lungs and pores of the skin as pure 
as when it entered the body." 

Ah' do you see, Judge, it does not change into bone, 
muscle, or build any power in the blood or tissue, is not a 

M —At the pr^cedinp page— G4, at the 5th parapaiph, at 2d lin<j rea'f 
form orel in J •>• th ■ 3d Hae: thene Anaeethetlce. P"* n«t«> n n r -nd 



66 A CITIZEN AND A JUDGE. 

stimulant nor a tonic, but simply a violent acid, narcotic pois- 
on, and a powerful irritant and a depressant which goes plung- 
ing, singeing, burning, shrivelling the body until, by a great 
effort of nature, the offending invader is cast off, not, however, 
without leaving the victim in a dejected and abject state. No, 
alcohol is not a stimulant, the word is a misnomer in regard to 
this drug. 

Remember, sir, that I have quoted the very best medical 
authorities, authors and instructors in the greatest universities 
in the world, and that volumes of concrete experiences might 
be given, bringing us to the conclusion that alcohol depresses 
power, and science will explain the reason. And then comes 
the testimony of the four hundred and fifty distinguished med- 
ical men, assembled in the international congress, at Philadel 
phia, over the signature of the secretary of the section of med- 
icine, — J. Ewing Mears, M. D., 9th September, 1879, which 
supports the same opinions. 

Then, again, the "London Temperance Hospital," where 
thousands of patients are annually treated without the use of 
alcohol, gives its years of experience in our favor. 

Dr. — Dixon, Superintendent of the Rockwood Insane 
Asylum, Kingston, Ontario, said to me, while I visited his im- 
mense hospital, what he has since published, that he cures 
eleven per cent more patients annually than they cure at the 
Toronto and London Insane Asylums, and that he has not used 
alcoholics, in any shape, for nine years, and that he has saved 
the government teas of thousands of dollars by so doing. 

Superintendents of other Insane Asylums also deprecate 
the use of alcoholics, and well they may, for, hundreds of 
thousands of drunkards have been made mad by its use. In- 
deed, every household where dwells a drunkard is a mad house, 
un the door of which one could well write, as Dante wrote, on 
the door of the Inferno, the well-known phrase : 

"Hero, there is no mora hope I" 

for soon, if not relieved by death, the poor drunkard maniac 
is given over to the gaoler or to his peer ! Grotius wrote, two 
hundred years ago : "The care of the human mind is the 
most noble branch of medicine ;" but, in this case especially, 
"the most noble branch of medicine" is, to use the words of 
Dr. Edrle, "transferred from the Doctors to the turners of the 



\ I ! 11. EN AND A 11 DGE. 67 

key. Whips arc the "stimulants ;" solitary confinement, the 
sedative ; manacles, leg-locks, straight-jackets, fetters and 
chains the astringents. Iron, indeed, i^ the universal tonic. 
Ferruginous preparations are everywhere about the patient. 
Iron, in bars at the window ; iron, in massive bolts and locks ; 
iron, in blistering circlets about the ankles or the wrists ; un- 
relenting iron in the floor or the wall ;" and the rattling of 
doors and chains, the pitihil cries and lamentations cause one 
to exclaim : 

"Better dwell in the midst of alarms 
Thau reign m this horrible place." 

And in gaols, garrets, cellars, out-houses or other miserable 
receptacles, thousands of insane drunkards are dragging out a 
wretched existence, many laden with implements of torturing 
restraint, so that some one may have a revenue, — and this in 
our own country with all its vaunted civilization and philan- 
thropy ! 

Poets and historians have written of the Age of Bronze, 
the Age of Iron, and the Age of Gold. In the sphere of the 
Drunkard there is yet another age, happily, for man, passing, 
and, let us hope, passing forever. It is the Age of Alcohol. 

I have said that the two-thirds of drunkards are made 
by physicians' prescriptions, and am I not right ? No man 
has a natural appetite for alcoholics. Children and savages 
at first reject them with abhorrence and disgust. The desire 
for alcohol does not spring up native from the human heart. 
It is not related to any faculty or function of human nature ; 
it is a physical and moral effect of a physical agent, and of 
tliat alone ! 

Thoughtless or ignorant, though pretentious persons say: 
If God did not intend us to drink alcoholic liquor he would 
not have created it." For the sake of those who maybe 
duped by such •argument," let us say, that alcohol does not 
exist in the grains or fruits from which it is produced, but results 
from artificial fermentation of the natural elements of food con- 
tained in them. We find lead and iron in the creation, but not 
bullets nor swords, nor pistols, which are made by man. 
God said ; "Let there be grains and fruits to nourish the in- 
habitants of the earth ;" but man, with a devilish instinct, in- 
terferes, and changes the nourishing fruits to a starving, disease- 



68 A CITIZEN AND A JUDGE, 

breeding and damning agent — alcohol. "The only known 
creature, save man," says Dr. Lees, "that has a claim to the 
production of alcohol, is a very low species of plant, — a child 
of darkness, like the cryptogams, — called Tornla, the cells of 
which are said to secrete an infinitesimal amount of Alcohol, 
— a fact parallel to the secretion of formic-acid by the red 
ants ; but the one fact no more points to the consumption of 
alcoholic liquors, than the other to chloroformic, which results 
from combining formyle with chlorine" 

It was by a mere accident that, centuries ago, an Arabi- 
an chemist found, by torturing substance after substance in 
his alembics and crucibles, how to extract the Fierce Spirit 
from sweet and agreeable drinks, and brought up, "as from 
Pandora's box, " that alcohol which has inflicted so many evils 
upon the world. 

In leaving this phase of the question, my deai Judge, we 
wish your and our medical friends to remember that, we pre' 
sent the opinions of celebrities and our humble views with all 
due respect for thinking, educated and real physicians who 
may yet differ, [we gave alcoholics, years ago, as medicines — 
when we did not know any better] ; and we most respectfully 
challenge any gentlemanly physician to discuss the question, 
— provided, always, that they will not evade the principal 
points and use subterfuges — and, for the sake of science, to 
correct the eminent medical men I have mentioned, as well 
as my humble self — if wrong ; but we earnestly and kindly 
ask them, for the sake of humanity, to approve us if we are 
right, viz.: that alcohol should be removed from our lists of 
medicines, and used only for art and science, — as a most 
deadly poison, worse than all other poisons known. 

It is only a question of time when we will see alcohol 
ranked among the agents of evil, and its use forbidden by law. 
Let us hope that the members of a noble profession will 
speedily awake to a full sense of the great responsibility in 
prescribing alcoholics. Let them remember that their mis- 
sion is high ; looked at either from a sanitary or moral point, 
their influence is great : let not an old world conservatism 
cause them to continue an exploded system of therapeutics; 
and, under pretense of healing physical disorder, leave behind 
them, in many households, a demon more rampant and re- 
morseless than ever tore the flesh of the possessed ones in 
olden time ! 



A JUDGE, fig 

■ the use of intoxicating or fermented 'wine" at the 
Sacraments, Judge James, the idea even is blasphemous ! 

Is the Bible a truthful guide for Christians ? Is it the 
real testament of God to his children ? "Yes," you would 
answer. Very well ! Tell me, then, how can we consistent- 
ly follow the injunction of that book which says : " Woe 
unto him that putteth the intoxicating cup to his neighbor's 
mouth," and then otter the same to the Christian lips — at the 
Communion of God's Spirit How can you, also, reconcile 
the different deductions taken from the sacred pages, by con- 
testing logicians in regard to wine ? The Bible approve and 
disapprove of it ! It is evident that there were the fruit- 
liquid, the expressed juice of the vine truly called wine — 
from vinum, and which is good and nourishing — "a blessing in 
it," and which should be used in all families of the land, and 
approved by the holy writs ; and that filthy liquid also called 
"wine," the fermented or rotten juice of the grape, against 
which woes and curses have been justly pronounced. 

Christ did not use nor make such a "wine," no more than 
God, the Father, created alcohol — which is the result of de- 
cay and death, not of life — and whosoever will read his Bible 
well, will learn that at the Last Supper, the Saviour used only 
THE FRUIT OF THE vine ;" and that neither of the Evangel- 
ists mention the word "wine" in connection with this scene. 

But let us briefly define the meaning of the word "wine," 
and, before entering into any detail at all, let us quote Dr. 
Lees, who, in his turn, cites a distinguished British Philoso- 
pher as an example that there is many a derivation in the 
word wine when fermented grape juice is meant. The cita- 
tion is: "The business of a Lexicographer is to explain all 
the modes in which a "word is used by good writers, — tracing 
its derivation, assigning its radical imports, and then subjoin- 
ing passages from various authors, in which the term is vari- 
ously applied," etc. — (S. Baily ; "Letters on the Philosophy 
of the Mind," p. 168, London, 1863). "He instances," con- 
tinues Dr. Lees, "the absurdity of forcing the modern sense 
of defalcation (as delaltation, was originated by an ignorant 
writer, and accepted by an ignorant public), upon the older 
and altogether use of the word by Addison, in the sense of 
'cutting off merely. It had no relation to "fault," but to 
falx, a 'side,' yet that is not so absurd as to put an exclusive, 
modern, and technical sense of 'fermented JUICE' upon the 



70 A CITIZEN AND A JUDGE. 

ancient word 'wine,' by which a remote derivation, and spe- 
cific sense, is made to override the broad and general mean- 
ing of 'expressed juice.'" 

But now for our own explanation, if you please, Judge : 

"Wine," to be wine must not be fermented, nor contain 
any alcohol. It must be the liquid — expressed juice — of the 
grape! Liquids prepared from berries, currants, cher- 
ries, etc., although not fermented, are not wine because they 
are called so, any more than "dandelion coffee," or powdered 
peas, beans and chicory sold for coffee, is coffee at all ! 

The latin, or original word from which wine is derived, is 
"vinum," — which means the juice of the fruit of the vine. 
The French word is "vin," from which "wine" is derived. 
"Vine" is the plant ; the French take off the letter e for 
the liquid fruit of vine, and have "vin." The English leave 
the e but add another v, — making it double v, which 
they call "double u" — w, and, instead of pronouncing from 
the lower lip — vin, vine, — they twist their lips and pronounce 
"wine," but all must come from the vine, or else this word 
would not be what it imports. 

Now, Sir, let us take 20 lbs. of ripe grapes. We will 
break them, place them in an earthen vessel, with three 
quarts of boiling water. We will let it stand three days, after 
which we will strain and press the fruit; add to this liquid five 
pounds of loaf sugar, stir it well, and we will have delicious 
and nourishing wine; although the color is dark brown. Let 
us pour the liquid into a jug, which we will put aside, half- 
corked, for three months. After that, we will pour out a glass 
of this wine ; now it is of a beautiful red color and sparkling, 
! — remember, Judge, do not look upon this "wine," for "it 
biteth like a serpent, and stingeth like an adder. " The inno- 
cent wine has been changed — by the process of fermentation 
— into a fiery liquid which is noiv "wine" (?) "the mocker, and 
whosoever drinks it is not wise /" 

The grape contains, in its natural state, the following 
constituents: 

1. Glutten, a blood former, plentiful. 

2. Sugar, in varying, but always large amount. 

3. Gum, which, however, is chiefly a mechanical lubri- 
cant. 

4. Various odorous matters or aromas. 
5-6. Malic and citric acids in small quantities. 



A CITIZEN AND A JUDGE. /I 

7-8. Phosphorous and sulphur in combination. 

Bitartrate of Potash (Cream of Tartar.) 
10. Tartrate v( lime. 
1 1 . Water, etc. 
"As the grapt is found in the cluster," saith the Lord, 
•Destroy it, not (i. c. do not corrupt or ferment it), lor a bless- 
ing is in it: So will I do for my servant's sake, that I may 
not destroy them all." That is the real wine; now for "wine 
cker" — or "Old Red Port," the grape liquid which we 
took from the jug only a while ago, Judge. It constitutes: 

1 . Alcohol, a powerful narcotic, 

2. .T.nanthic Acid (an oily inodorous liquid.) 

;. .Knanthic ether (of a vinous unpleasant smell.) 

4. (J Essential or volatile oils. 

5. Bouquet or aroma. 

6. Acetic acid. 

7. Sulphate of potash. 

Chloride of potassium and sodium. 
10- 1 1. Tannin and coloring matter from the grape husk. 
i2-i3-i4L"ndecomposed sugar, gum, and extractive matter in 
small quantities. 

Do you desire to retain all the properties of the grapes, 
and at the same time making a pure, innocent and nourishing 
real wine? Then follow me. 

PURE l> FERMENTED OK REAL WINK. 

Take 20 lbs. of grapes (or multiply if you like, following 
the same direction) break them, place them in a kettle lined 
with porcelaine, pour 4 quarts of pure soft water over them, 
bring the temperature tt slow ebullition and keep it so— not 
boiling — for an hour. Strain and press the fruit. Return the 
liquid to the same vessel (after a thorough cleaning) and re- 
duce the liquid, over slow fire (never boiling), two third — i. e. 
to one third — then can or bottle while hot, and seal. This 
and REAl wine will keep for ages without 
fermenting. One tablespoonful of this liquid dissolved 
in a tumbler of water (one bottle will make three by 
adding the two-third of pure water when ready for 

U Nic>tino. afriehtful poison (one-fourth of a drop will kill a rabbit: 

ooedroo, a dogate one of, thesaessfentialoiln: formula.' C. 10. H 8N.lt i«tli<> In- 

".e t>rincinl» of i repare ; 1 not fotiqd in tlje natural leaf It re- 

-'il>. iik~ ale inol. from f-rm-rr 



/2 A CITIZEN AND A JUDGE. 

use), will make wine of usual strength, invaluable in 
typhoid, bilious, scarlet or typhus fevers, gangrenous 
sore throat, or diphtheria, or putrescent diseases, and will be 
retained by the most irritated stomach, which may reject any 
other form or kinds of nourishments. This is the wine which 
should be used by all ministers — which is used, thank God, 
by thousands of them at the sacramental hour; — whilst the 
other liquid — the rotten or fermented grape juice is not the 
real wine, although called so by the ignorant or the deceiver. 
One more illustration, ifyou please, Judge. 

Supposing you would do me the honor to dine with me, 
in the month of July. We, like true Americans, have some 
beefsteak on our bill of fare. After the repast, my domestic, 
who is a genius of economy, puts away the part of beefsteak 
which was lett — in a secured place. In the following month, 
just tour weeks after, you happen to stop with us again, for a 
rest, during an intensely hot day. At dinner, my domestic, 
remembering that you liked beef steak, as I do, brings on 
the table the remainder of that steak which we had one month 
ago. As well may be imagined, the aroma is not of the best; 
the odor is not of the rose; and I hasten to ask an explanation 
for his conduct. He makes no excuse but insists that "the 
meat is beefsteak." "But, you wretch," I may reply, "It is 
spoiled." "Ha! but it is beefsteak, sir," he answers. "Yes ! 
but it is rotten!" you rejoin. "Oh! that makes no difference," 
insists again the servant, "you know it is beefsteak, gentle- 
men." So it is with those who make a fermented liquid, a 
rotten liquid, a spoiled fruit and still call it wine when it has 
ceased to be so. — when it is no longer wine. 

But, you may add, if ministers of the gospel insist, liber- 
ty of conscience must be given. Ah! yes, alas there are still 

"Paid hypocrites, who turn 

Judgement aside, and rob the holy book 
Of those high words of truth which 
Ser.reh and burn 

In warning rebuke." 

Let then, every honest man cry again with the poet : 

"Woe to the priesthood ! Woe 

To those whose hire is with the price of blood, 

Perverting, darkening, changing, as they go. 
The ^parching truths of God ! 

"But," I hear you say, "Supposing all this to be true and 



A CITIZEN AND A JUDGE, J} 

correct, am I responsible for all these miseries? You excite 
my pity with all your declamations! I am now an old man, I 
have done my share for the emancipation of the American 
slaves, what do I care that the ignorant drunkard "white- 
trash" go bare foot? Most of them cannot read, they hare 
always been wretchedly poor. I have enough to do among 
our fashionable tiplers, for whom moral suasion is sufficient. " 

All the worse, Judge James, if they are ignorant and 
poor, will you abandon them on that account ? There was 
v, before you ascended to power, when you coveted 
their votes, — will you convert their distress into a curse? 
Who knows whether the opaqueness may not become trans- 
parent? 

These bare feet, these naked arms, these rags, this ignor- 
ance, this darkness, may be employed for the conquest of the 
ideal. Look through the people, and you will perceive the 
truth ; "the vile sand you trample under foot, when cast into 
the furnace, becomes splendid crystal, and by its aid Galileo 
and Newton discovered planets." 

Far be it from me, the idea of attributing to you, Sir, the 
hundredth part of the horrors ensuing from the present liquor 
laws, but as you are a prominent public man, and one who is 
spoken ot as a political leader, you will not find fault, of 
course, if the people over which you may rule, or, perhaps, 
pass judgment, call you, sometimes, to account- Besides, we 
desire all the honorable judges of the land, as well as all 
legislators who furnish them the laws, or even the people who 
have placed you in power to accept our parting words, 
through you, as addressed to them. 

To me, your fine mansion, your glittering surroundings, 
your money, your occasional political success, as a partisan , 
are as so many dead leaves blown by the autumnal breeze. 
What 1 respect, is your white hair. What I admire, what I 
would like is your talent — if employed for the services of our 
sacred cause, the white man's liberty — the abolition of the 
liquor traffic, as you did work for the black man's freedom. 

The ideal, the dreamers, the strange chimerical minds, 
who have the notion of good and evil, cannot probe, without 
trouble, certain sides of the problem of destiny. 

Now, Sir, you and I occupy a very small space in this 
world. I am only a ritizen. and you are onfy a legal judge. 



74 A CITIZEN AND A JUDGE. 

I am ashes and you are dust, from atom to atom we can con- 
verse. 

Supposing that a judge should be called, to-morrow, at the 
bar of "justice," and, there, meet a man who has been found, 
by twelve jurors, "guilty" of murder. The culprit is, nat- 
urally, genteel and kind hearted. He has a wife he loves, 
children he cherishes. He has a neat cottage, a lawn where 
his children play, and meet him every day on his return from 
work; a garden where his good wife cultivates flowers. He is 
a good mechanic, is liked by his employers and respected by 
his neighbors, — he and his family are happy ! But, from the 
prescription of an ill-considerate physician, he has contracted 
the habit of drinking intoxicants. This habit has grown into 
a passion, and, in a moment of frenzy, in a dispute with his 
companions of orgies, he deals a mortal blow to oae of them. 

Only a month ago the world was beautiful to this man ; 
now, all is gloomy. He emerges from his dungeon to receive 
his sentence! He is twenty-five years of age, but looks and 
feels like a man of fifty. His character, his honor are lost ; 
his wife is a broken hearted mother, his children pointed at 
as the offsprihgs of a murderer. His heart is torn by the re- 
morse of having slain a fellow man, and he expects to spend 
years in a prison. Not so, "he must die!" says the law. 

The law which has given another man the power to make 
this culprit a drunkard and a murderer, is not satisfied with 
one victim, it must kill him also, and the assassin becomes 
the assassinated — and the judge, after having sentenced the 
victim of the liquor law to die, has the hypocrisy to add : 
"and may the Lord have mercy on your soul," instead of ex- 
claiming, "may the Lord have mercy on us legislators, jurors 
and judges." 

The child has received all the care and good training a 
kind mother and father can give ; the school has made him 
intellectual and wise ; the church has made him righteous in 
his manhood, and he is the noble work of God, — he will be 
happy and make. all who come in contact with him happy! 
"Not so," says the stealer of human rights, "I will make him 
a drunkard, a nuisance, and then plunge him into a dark cell ; 
I will make him a murderer, and send him dangling in the air 
at the end of a rope !" ' 

I dare not say that you had anything to do with such 
horrors ; yet, I cannot prevent a shudder at the thought. 



A CITIZEN AND A JUDGE. 75 

The cell door is now opened ; a young man comes forth. 
What fine bearing! What a picture of manhood ! There is 
a circle around his eyes, but it is only the effect of sleepless 
nights. Do you recognize him, Judge? lie is the young 
condemned ! While he is parting with his mother, you can 
hear, between their sobs, the heavy strides of a man (?) whose 
face is covered by a mask, and who holds a rope in his hands; 
— it is the hangman. — [In the United States, this "officer" 
goes by the more respectable name of Sheriff] — and, as he 
places his harsh hand on the shoulder of the culprit, he burns 
his ears with these words: "Come, the hour has arrived." 

The condemned man no:c realizes, for the first time, his 
position. He was drunk, mad — insane when he killed his 
comrade ; "they will take that into account," he had thought ; 
"it is not possible that they will kill me when I was not con- 
scious of my act," and hope had lingered in his heart — until 
now. The wretched man argues, he prays, he implores, but 
all in vain. The executioner says : "I am doing my duty, 
ask the Judge." The Judge replies: "The jurors compelled 
me;" the jurors add: "the legislators ordered us," and the 
man bows his head in despair, as the Christian (?) law makers 
will bow theirs in dismay and — remorse," and no one is to 
blame, of course, it is only "justice" taking its course! 

Now begins the work of death : the arms of the mar- 
tyr are pinioned ; the rope placed around his neck ; the min- 
isters of the gospel (?) assisting the ministers of justice (?) 
offer prayers ; their voices tremble, their limbs shake, their 
gowns have just touched the shroud of this dying man, and — 
they remember how they refused to work, as it was their duty 
to do, to remove the TEMFTOR — fearing it might offend. 
The two noble Sisters of Charity who have passed the night 
in prayers with the mother of the condemned, who is now in 
a swoon, remove her ; the father remains motionless, his eyes 
fixed upon a cross that some prisoner had carved on the wall; 
his lips are moving, perhaps he is praying for the assisting 
ministers. The column moves — the hangman, holding the 
other end of the rope, leads on, as one would dragging a dog 
to the slaughter-house. There is a halt, — look, Judge, the 
martyr turns his head — as much as the rope allows him, 
and is bowing his farewell to you ; and, listen ! he speaks. . . . 
the hoarse voice says: "I die the death of infamy so that 



^6 A CITIZEN AND A JUDGE. 

you may have a revenue and sell your grain to the distiller !" 
and the cortege moves on. 

The man is on the trap ; the warrant of death is read — 
as an excuse for this legal assassination, the man is not listen- 
ing, his mind is wandering far off. At last, — what a mock- 
ery! he is asked if he has anything to say; one of the minis- 
ters hears the response, uttered in a whisper, "Father forgive 
them, for they know not what they do." The man 
falls, his "carion" is thrown into a hole or given to the scalpel. 
The scaffold is removed, the rope coiled up and put away — for 
another victim. The hangman removes (?) his mask, goes 
home 1 and, while hearing the pratling of his babe, while his 
innocent daughter is playfully running her hands on the piano, 
listening to the chaste whisperings of future hopes from her 
betrothed; and, before his thinking boys — while at dinner, and 
between two glasses of "wine," say : "the fellow died game!" 

Oh ! Sir, this is frightful ! ! ! 

Do you not think that, when this executioner, that 
Judge, those law makers wash their hands we will find blood 
at the bottom of the tub? 

"Shall tongues be mute, when deeds are wrought which well might shame 
extremest hell ? 

Shall freemen loek the indignant thought? 
Shall pity's bosom cease to swell ? 

Shall honor bleed ? Shall truth succumb ? 

Shall pen. and press, and soul be dumb ?" 

Yet, whenever the Prohibitionists pronounce the words 
progress, reform, humanity, the conservatives and fashionable 
topers curl up their lips, laugh, and call us "vain declaimers. " 
Oh, giddy and imprudent men, do you not know that the so- 
cial question is higher than the political question? That Hu- 
man liberty is august.' That human intelligence is 
holy ! ! That human life is sacred ! ! THAT THE 
SOUL IS DIVINE ! ! ! Make drunkards, and have pau- 
pers, infanticides, robbers, homicides, matricides, incendiaries, 
suicides, prisons, and the gallows, if you like ! 

Are the liquor laws Constitutional? humane? ? right- 
eous? ? ? 

I have the honor to be, Sir, with due respect, 

Your obedient servant, 

A. Citizen. 



III. 



THE PEOPLE \ S. PARTISANS. 



■"Ami grave and reverend ones, who loved thee not. 
Shrank from thy presence, nnd in hlnnk dismay 
Chokttd down, unuttered. the ref(>nn thought." 



It is said that slavery has disappeared from American 
civilization. This is an error. The law of Jesus Christ now 
governs our civilization, but it does not yet penetrate it. 
Slavery still exists in this country, and more particularly 
upon the white race. Upon man, that is to say, upon the 
pilot of the vessel, the protector of the family. It weighs 
upon woman, that is to say, upon grace, upon weakness, upon 
beauty, upon maternity. It is crushing the child, that is 
to say, meekness, loveliness, innocenoe, purity. 

These slaves are owned by the liquor manufacturers and 
liquor dealers, their keepers are the law makers, the law ex- 
ecutors, governors and judges. 

A tremendous battle is imminent, the air is rife with ru- 
mors of the approaching contest as the roaring of a distant 
thunder. Austere, honest and brave soldiers of moral ideas 
on one side, and determined and treacherous assassins of lib- 
erty on the other side. Sobriety and virtue which issue 
from it, and drunkenness with all the horrors it nurses are at 
stake ; which shall win is a question of vital importance to all 
thinking Americans, to all sincere patriots ! 

The people, in proportion as they have felt vehemently, 
have little thought on the subject, and we still see the result in 
a singular want of well defined principles, in vague and incon- 
sistent opinions. The consequence is that not a few dread 
discussion of the subject, if they are to injure their trade or 
business, and although not reconciled to the continuance of 
drunkenness and the liquor traffic, believe that they have no 



78 THE PEOPLE VS. PARTISANS. 

duty to perform, no testimony to bear, no influence to exert, 
no sentiments to cherish and spread in relation to the evil. 
What is still worse is_that opinions either favoring or extenu- 
ating it are heard with little or no disapprobation ; concessions 
are made to it, whilst to assail it is pronounced unwise and 
perilous. This very state of these tepid, weak temperance 
men is the stronger reason for a logical and energetic exposi- 
tion of the evil, and the proposed modus operandi for its abo- 
lition. 

A community can suffer no greater calamity than the loss 
of its principles. Lofty and pure sentiments are the life and 
hope of a people. 

There was never such an obligation to discuss drunken- 
ness as at this present moment, when recent events have done 
so much in regard to it. Against this monstrous evil, public 
opinion cannot be too strongly pronounced. From its very 
nature, the liquor traffic must be a ground of alarm wherever 
it exists. Drunkenness and security can by no device be 
joined together. 

The solemn conviction of good men throughout the 
world, that drunkenness is a grievous wrong to human nature, 
will make itself felt. The work of such noble men as Dela- 
van, Neal Dow, Pere Mailloux, Wendel Phillips, Rev. Drs. 
Cuyler, Fowler, J. Cook, W. Lloyd Garrison, Horace Greeley, 
Father Mathew, John B. Gough, William E. Dodge, J. N. 
Stearns, Gerrit Smith, Dr. A. Curtis, Charles Sumner, Samuel 
J. May; such women as Mrs. Rutherford B. Hayes, Maria 
Child, Lucretia Mott, Anna Dickinson, Mrs. Youman, Mrs. 
Wettenmyer, and a host of others is producing a rich harvest 
of brave, intellectual, truthful and energetic champions, who 
are incessantly working in this great cause of humanity. To 
increase this moral strength is every man's duty. It is in 
every man's power to express the great truth, and thus every 
one can do something for the drunkard-slave ! 

It is not enough to join a temperance society, to sing 
hymns, to have a few social meetings, or to please the whims 
of some imaginary "leaders," for, unfortunately, in some of 
those places the words of the master, "Woe unto him who 
giveth his neighbor drink," must, like Macbeth 's "Amen," — 
stick in the throat. Let us remember it, to espouse a good 
cause is not enough, we must maintain it in a spirit answer- 
ing its dignity. The chief strength of a reformer lies in 



THE PEOPLE VS. PARTISANS, 79 

speaking truth purely from his . it/iout changing 

one tone for the purpose of managing or enlarging a party. 

"Truth must speak in her own words, must come forth 
with the spontaneous energy of the soul. It is the voice of 
the individual who utters his irrepressible convictions, and not 
the shout of a crowd. For want of this, most which is now 
done is done superficially. The progress of our cause de- 
pends chiefly on the individual following out his convictions. 
This moral independence is mightier and holier than to wait 
for an front the multitudes. The moment a man 

judges of duty from the interest and will of a party, and com- 

.'imself to a leader or a body, and winks at evil BECAUSE 
DIVISION WOULD HURT THE CAUSE; the moment he shakes 
off his particular responsibility, because he is but one of a 
thousand or million by whom the evil is done ; that moment 
he parts with his moral independence and power, he has lost 
his energy of faith in the right and the true. He hopes from 
man's policy what loyalty to GOD ONLY can accomplish. " 

Some become discouraged, and give up in despair be- 
cause their labor for prohibition has been repaid with ingrati- 
tude, ridicule or abuses. None but children will give up for 
such a trifle. I believe I know something of these ingrati- 
tudes and abuses, but greater men than we have suffered more 
in their philanthropic work. %\ 

Persecutions and calumnies are the fruits of envy, jeal- 
ousy and hatred. It is almost a law ; fame, renowned heroes 
have passed, before us, through such ordeals. "To strike me 
and mine unjustly, doing any wrOng whatever to me and 
mine, is MOKE SHAMEFUL AND WORSE FOR HIM who' does the 
wrong, than for me who suffers it!" 

tlWbeoa child of sewn y ears. I reoeived a total-abrtinenee pledge 
from the hands or a noble priest,— Bev. Bdward Lsbelle, a true disciple <A Christ ; 
' eonvietiou. who always practiced what be preached. He cad been my 
religious tutor, and. fortunately f >r me.hp was not like many priests, a profes- 
sion^ man only. Later I had the good fortune to receive instructions from the 
Bev. Father Musard. of the t<ulpitian Order, a gentleman of high qualities : a de- 
inaritable, and teal genuine minister of Christ— [Oh ! how few of sue h men 
■a-'n were friends of the Jesuit*,— that hand 
of enemies <>f religious liberty : and neither of them drank alcoholics; this, added 
to the careful training of a strict, truly religious, brave, energetic and lovinf 
mother, rav ten. there were no liquors 

except on the table of the — Pro! 

branche 
. years later he began, anil k . 

n liquor traffic) was the liqaortrade. 
sale and retail II ptat different towns and cities, were often 

y my brother and myself, anil we often, when b ys. decanted the danger- 
ous and intoxicating liquid from barrels t" barrels, and bottles, and yet. thanks to 
well-root-'d • , oov4etions taken from our mother and sainted sister, we never 
drank tb* flerv liquid as a beverage. 



80 THE PEOPLE VS. PARTISANS. 

Brave patriots remain firm at the breach, recognizing 
naught but the welfare and happiness of the people, not of 
partisans ! 

Christian communities abhor gambliug hells and houses 
of ill-fame. Public teachers, ministers of God labor ardently 
to prevent or to heal those ugly and gangrenous sores of so- 
ciety, yet the liquor laws are the originators of such abodes ; 
for no respectable man would, in his sober sense, be seen in 
such stratas. There is no kaleidoscope so powerful as to 
show, in their true light, the NUMBERLESS CRIMES and endless 
sufferings resulting from the Liquor Traffic, and none but "a 
genuine devil" would attempt to prove the contrary. 

Our aim is to show that the only sure, safe and prompt 
remedy is in the immediate enactment of prohibition laws — 
not only to suppress the license system, but especially to pre- 
vent the manufacture of intoxicants, except as arsenic, strych- 
nine, nux vomica or other poisonous drugs for the use of art 
or science ; making the offense a felony, punishable by State 
prison. And to those who say that "it cannot be done" — 
this little book is the answer. 

From the landing of the Pilgrim Fathers to the present 
day, the Americans have seen a continual transition of pro- 
gress through "mountains of obstacles," and leaping or de- 
molishing, with sublime audacity, all barriers. For want of 

After I was clothed with diplomatic power to practice medicines and 
surgery ; after I was commissioned to deal poisons as well as harmless remedies, 
I gave the burning, irritant, narcotic drug until I found the injury I was doing, 
and the inconsistency of my former medical education. I abandoned the prac- 
tice and never gave alcoholics internally for many years past— in military and 
civil hospitals as well as in private families. During five long years I have devo- 
led my time, and my labor, and, in many instances, my health and money for the 
Cause of prohibition of the liquor traffic ; lecturing never less than two hours 
almost every night: in cold or hot woather, storms or sunshine, and traveling 
tens of thousands of miles, in this country and abroad ; on railways, in steamers. 
stages, or private conveyances, or on foot— in all sorts of roads ; stopping with all 
kinds of people, and attempting to sleep, in many instances, in freezing rooms 
while my clothes were soaked with perspiration,— just from the lecturing halls,— 
and with no food. What have I received in recompense Y With a few hundred 
noble exceptions.— in large cities or towns, or where intelligence governed the 
place, where I was well received and kindly treated ; the majority of places, im- 
mense crowds were glad to come and hear us and see our convincing experi- 
ments, but were not willing to remunerate us, and the professional temperance 
people left the few honest and honorable practical temperance persons— upon 
whom always fall the heaviest task— to help us by paltry collections. I do not 
complain; I mention facts, simply, And the bold enemies, what of them Y They 
have insulted, and attacked me violently in my absence. Thev have libelled me; 
and being uuablu to moet or defeat me and the cause with arguments, they have 
villifled me in my private character, and thus injuring my family thereby. Thev 
have lied as men engaged in the damnable liquor traffic only can do : and yet, the 
so-called temperance friends not only had no words of protest to, offer, but many 
of the cowards deserl#d me. *and allowert!oneof their best fsiends to be persecu- 
ted. 'But these things''are 1 hotnew, and therefore, let thf rabbles and their friends 
shake hands. They ;ue woi thy nf each other. 



THE PE0P1 E \ S. PARTISANS oJ 

that generous blood oi f a i 1 1 \ and liope many need not appre- 
hend appoplexy, but they may fear Consumption, and from 
the social lesions will issue wretchedness ! 

We shall never grow weary oi repeating that the first 
brotherly obligations, and, let egotistic hearts learn the fact, 
the first oi political necessities are to think of the sorrowful 
classes, to relieve, to enlighten and love them ; to. enlarge 
their horizon, to lavish upon them education of every shape, 
to limit poverty without limiting wealth ; but to do that — 
which would be noble — you must give the example of sobrie- 
ty and labor, create vast fields of public and popular activity, 
open workshops for every man, schools for every aptitude, 
And laboratories for every intellect ; increase wages and 
diminish toil, and proportion the enjoyment to the effort, and 
the satisfaction to the wants. But, before you can do that 
successfully, you must close the dram shops and the manufac- 
which supply them! 

The past, we grant, is very powerful at present, and there 
are men who cling to it desperately ; these weakly and cow- 
ardly natures fear the future. 

Neither political — Republican or Democratic — parties 
were ever expected to make war upon the dram shop, because 
they do not see the deep criminality of dram-sclling. Should 
these parttes come out for perjury, or forgery, or theft, quick- 
ly would they be forsaken by their decent members. But by 
the side of the liquor traffic, which is the chief cause of 
crimes, especially murders, these specified crimes sink into 
mere paccadilloes. The partisans are so familiar with the 
liquor shop, as not to be shocked by it ; and habit so blinds 
them that they do not see the stream of death and damnation 
issuing from it. Talking, praying and preaching will avail 
nothing unless we VOTE against this traffic. 

These inconsistencies are, however, gross and guilty as 
they are on the part of "temperance'' men, — not a strange 
thing. The history of the world is one of practice - 
profession. The mass of the professed anti-slavery men per- 
sisted in voting pro-slavery tickets. It was thus that, instead 
of bringing slavery to a peaceful end, they caused it to come- 
to a bloody one. Will the mass of the professed "temper- 
ance" people persist in voting for men to govern the nation 
who are friends to the liquor dealer? Will they persist in 



S2 THE PEOPLE VS. PARTISANS. 

their mad inconsistency until our nation will become an in- 
curable drunken one, — to please office seekers? 

There is a congestion of the mind called egotism — every 
one for himself, which is a fearful state in the individual — and 
cowardice; which is bad for the nation. There are social pa- 
thologies which we call deafness and blindness of the intellect : 
the auscultation is encouraging, however, and in finishing 
these p^ges, we lay a stress on the encouragement. 

Let the brave, generous and free American people of 
yesterday, of to-day, be also the people of to-morrow! 
There will be no veto against the future, which is progress. A 
recoil of ideas is no more possible than it is for a river to flow 
up a hill. Immense and combined forces govern human facts 
and lead them all, within a given time, to equity. 

Let those who suffer take heart, chains are a net work 
whose meshes hold together, when one is broken all is un- 
done. Reform, bearing democracy is inarching around the 
world. Civilization advances rapidl) t all the despots 

of the cities, counties, districts, provinces or States in Europe 
and America have been compelled to bow before the glimmer- 
ing sword or the ballot of the people ' 

England promises much by her dawning liberalism. 
Canada, which has been asleep since the days of '37,— '38, 
when her patriots bravely dared toryism, and, when defeated, 
marched nobly to the scaffold where they fell martyrs to their 
country, has finally awakened, and the noble band of reform- 
ers, that vanguard of Canada's freedom, is clearing the land 
of its bushwackers, arbitrary rulers and systematic robbers, 
(and, notwithstanding the check of the hour, the honest peo- 
ple of our sifter confederation having been convinced that, 
through weak crudility, the dangerous enemy, which they 
thought dead, has duped them again, will soon wrest their 
country from the plunderers of the day). Will the American 
l/nion fall asleep on her former glory? 

We boast of the deeds of our fathers, let us now reap in 
strength what they sowed in weakness, study to enhance the 
inheritance we have received. To do this, we must not fold 
our arms in slumber, nor abide content with the past. To 
each generation is committed its peculiar task ; nor does the 
heart, which responds to the call of duty, find respite except 
in the world to come. And what is the task which has been 
cast upon us if it is not that which the people of this country 



THE PEOPLE VS. PARTISANS. fc 83 

have taken up almost as spontaneously as one man, — the Abo- 
lition of the liquor traffic ? • 

The States have now the Compulsory Education law, and 
may all the blessings which will inevitably result from it re- 
flect upon the originators of that law, which ought to have 
been passed long ago ; but it needs an auxiliary to be perfect: 
it needs the laiv to compel man to be sober y to retain the intel- 
ligence God has given all as a guiding light, and without 
which no good education is possible. 

Sober and educated, man will not turn away from his 
Creator, he will not forget the sacred duties he owes to his 
Country, to his family and to society ; and, leaving aside the 
morbid and degrading pleasures ensuing from the vice of 
drunkenness, he will seek, in peace, joys in the pure domains 
of religion and intelligence, and we will soon see him become 
a useful and respectable citizen, a good husband, a good 
father — spreading in his turn, the light which he will acquire 
in his life of sobriety and knowledge. "He will apply educa- 
tion upon a still larger scale, which will have the power to 
raise a new humanity, and almost as superior to the present 
humanity as the latter is to barbarism. " 

But what are we to do to accomplish all this? Sign the 
pledge? You might sign the pledge to day, to-morrow and 
the day after, and again and again, and we would not be any 
farther advanced in fifty years, for as alcoholics are made, they 
must be drank, and new signers of pledges are continually be- 
ing made — even if we admit that none have broken their 
promises. 

"Man, like any other vital organism, can only grow ac- 
cording to the conditions by which he is surrounded. Take, 
for example, a person who lives and works amidst depressing 
and unwholesome agencies. The instinct for "pleasure," 
combined with the feeling of depression, becomes relatively 
stronger to him than if he were more happily placed ; and the 
grog-shop and beer saloon, consequently, present a tempta- 
tion which operate with greater intensity on him than if he 
had no relief from a morbid monotony of life to seek, or had 
the perception of higer duties, and the capacity and opportu- 
nity for purer enjoyments/' Our first duty is, therefore, to 
Prohibit all avoidable evil, and then create those conditions 
upon which human nature is dependent for its true develop- 
ment ; hence the office of government is to make it easy, to do 



34 THE PEOPLE VS. PARTISANS. 

RIGHT, and hard to do WRONG, Thus, we never can remove 
the cause of drinking by expediency; fallacies and shams can- 
not last long, the intellect of man is sternly logical. 

Will the world give up drink, so long as it is "persuaded" 
that it is "good?" No! Will the world abandon this cus- 
tom and habit so long as our "Prohibitionists" even say, "no 
alcoholics except for medicinal (??) and Sacra- 
mental (what a blasphemy!) uses? — No ! NEVER ! ! 

As Selden sagaciously observed (1620): "It seems the 
greatest accusation upon the maker of all good. If they are 
not to be used, ivhy did God -make them?" Now, you see 
here that the expediency man has no sufficient answer. 

The first duty of sobriety [it is called "temperance"] so- 
cieties is, therefore, to explode this grave ERROR ; and this we 
have said during our many years of work in the cause: — to 
teach, by press and platform, by example and organization, 
that alcohol is not food but poison, not stimulant but depress- 
ant, not medicine since it promotes diseases, not good but 
evil! 

Sign the Pledge ! Yes ! of course, — no objection. All 
life is a pledge, or manifestation. Wear the badge or honora- 
ble insignia ; an organization cannot exist without a banner, 
a bond any more than a political party » ithout a platform, or 
an army without a captain, or a church without a discipline 
or a faith. "But this is not all. Now that you are enrolled 
in this company of militants, after having promised for you, 
you must become educators, physiologists, sanitary teachers, 
politicians, patriots ! Supplement your moral suasion by ap- 
propriate social action ; and save other of your fellows ! 

Drill, and then — forward ! — march !..... Where? To 

the Polls ! ! Yes, "instead of ordering men to rise above 
their circumstances, which feiv can or will do, political phy- 
losophy seeks to alter the circtimstances, and through them 
affect the men, by preventing any from being exposed to 
temptations beyond their strength !" Lead on the young and 
generous, the aspiring and broad hearted, the earnest workers 
and deep-cultured intellects, now associated with the move- 
ment; let us all work in a solid phalanx of philanthropy. 

To the Polls then ! there is the battle-field where the 
true soldiers of Prohibition -will combat the accursed enemy. 
It is there where the mighty will of the nation will be felt— 



nti-: peoi'I.i: \>. partisan-. 

ior here, "as on the sacred soil of Switzerland, the government 
is V the people, for the people, and by the people ! 

There are no worse hypocrites than those who preach 
temperance, attack the liquor manufacturers, and accuse the 
rum dealers, and then give power to the legislator to grant 
them commissions. L'pon them, therefore, falls the responsi- 
bilities of the crimes of the drunkard. 

Let us be brave enough to practice what we preach. 
Who is the worst, the rumseller who boldly advertises his 
trade, or the traitor who imposes himself, by his pretensions 
and hypocrisy, upon temperance societies as a leader, and acts 
contrary to his profession ? If you accept the money of the 
liquor dealer [money of Judas on both sides] for permission 
to sell, then, of eoitrse, yon cannot preach against his traffic — 
his business ; if you do, you are caught in fragrante delicto, 
you are an arch thief! a consummate traitor ! and de- 
serve the lashes of the poet : 

"He stands al'>ne. a renenade 
Airainst the creed that he betrayed : 
H« stands alone amidst his band. 
Without a trusted heart or hand." 

And, yon who preach -Christ crucified," and who, like the 
•ministers" of old who upheld slavery as a "divine institu- 
tion" by your refusal "to offend," lend strength to the spoiler: 

"How long, O Lord ! how long 

Shall ppu barter truth away, 

And in God's name, for robbery and wrong, 

At his altars pray • 

Feed fat. jre locusts, feed ! 

And. in your ta.«selled pulpits, thank the Lord 
Tnat. from the toilinc bondman's utter Wf>\ 

V- pile yoni own full board." 

See vou — now. upon vour wall the writing — Menc, Tekel, 
Peres. 

Oh! we have had too much of such comedies. Up! up ! 
and follow the noble phalanxes of brave prohibitionist women, 
who have astonished the world, and awed the enemy by their 
warfare. Their march is a stream of flame, they terrified reg- 
iments of liquor dealers ; their weapons are enchanted, — their 
bullets are hymns, their cannon balls are prayers. They bear 
with them reform and the souls of people ! This warfare is 
astonishing by its simplicity, it is bands of weak women as- 
saulting a government. The whole of this adventure is epic ; 
it is brilliant, formidable, and charming like an attack of bees. 
Their swarm floats in the air, and the army of drunkards flees, 



86 THE PEOPLE VS. PARTISANS. 

and the fashionable topers and cockneys who first jeered and 
insulted, now tremble and raise their hats before the cham- 
pions of reform. Behold those radiant stages of their march, 
and I predict to you that no prohibitionist will disappoint 
them in the infallible fortunes of the future ! 

Liberators are great ; the words of independence and 
true liberty of these heroines, apparently obscure as they may 
be, are cheerful, encouraging and as an echo started from the 
Roman Forum, traversing centuries, mixing itself with great 
things ; passing in our camps, cheering at the bivouac and en- 
couraging in battles, and filling the Tribune of the new 
world. It is the cry of hope of nation in distress, it is the 
protestation of victims against oppressors. Let their names 
resound in our feasts, as an adieu to the past, as a salute to 
the future. 

Close to them follows the rising generation. Those 
Bands of Hope, those holy little crusaders are the living 
beacons which point to the breakers. They are God's chosen 
creatures — "blessed are the little children," and they will be 
the rescuers of his people. Soon they will be able to sing 
with the noble Whitier, — announcing the downfall of "King" 
Alcohol: 

Ring. O beHs! 

Every stroke exulting tells 

Of the burial hour of crime. 
Loud and lone, that all may hear, 
Ring for everv listening ear 

Of Eternity and lima ! 

Blotted out! 

All within and all about 

Shall fresher life begin : 
Freer breathe the univeffce 
As it rolls its heavy curse 

On the dead and buried Sin ! 

It is done ! 

In the circuit of the Sun 

Shall the souBd thereof go forth. 
It shall bid the sad rejoice. 
It shall give the dumb a voice. 

It shall belt with joy the earth ! 

And the retrieved drunkards, taught and led on by the TRUE 
and faithful ministers of Christ, will join in the chorus : % % 

X i Although we elaim liberty of conscience for every oae ; that all have 
a legal right to be Christians, or Deints, or Atheists: and that, if one so ehocses. 
he can worship God or the fool who clamors, like a blind man. that "there is no 
God" because he does not Sbetiim; but, for the sake of decency, if not common 
sense, we object that some reformed drunkards, whose good manners (if they 
ever had any) have been so obliterated by their long years of orgies, should insist 
on aseendlng the pulpit or the platform, and imperiously require the ministers to 
sit in the pew to listen to their incoherent hnrrangues, called "lectures." (!!) and 
hear them indiscriminately denounce church and ministers, this being— among 



-v-HF PgOFLI V . PAKTI! \\ 87 

"Kin« mi I 

HulU of joy ! on momma's kliik 

Send the »oni! of praise abroad ! 
ind of broken chains 
Tell the nation* that he reign*, 

Who alone Is Lord aud OoJ I 



many— their DMMt marketable stock. With Rev. Dr. 0. H. Fowlor wo suy tl.ut : 
rk thrown up br the breath of the blast furnace that. expl r - 
mg In niiii-ulr. exhorts the furnace to Inereoae its temperature. The Church la 
the soul rer on this subjeot." The Churoh of Christ is the most power- 

ful pr, tunobed upon tbe sea of the centuries. Many minis- 

tbat church have, unfortunately. Ignored this fact in time of yore, but now 
thidr number Is in the small minority. A- for us. we gladly testify that we have 
always received— with a fetr craiu exceptions— encouragements and facilities: 
eovirteous and kind treatment, during our lour years of arduous labor for prohi- 
bition. In this country and abroad, from leading ministers of the Methodist. Con- 
Krejratl Homan. Presbyterian. I'ultarian and Kpiseopal ohurches 

in hundreds of which we have lectured Sunday and week days. and. it Is evident 
That, wore if not for these ever-toiling, ever devoted apostles of Christianity, pro- 
t at this hour "teinnerar.ee" Is a misnomer] Would be below par 



T0 THE WORKING-MEN. 



"This day we fashioD destiny : onr web of fate we spin. 
This day forever choose we or holiness or sin." 



Although the absence of the native land has caused many 
heads to whiten before time, brothers of exile, the true coun- 
try does not consist in the place of birth, not in the use of 
the same language, nor in a religion, nor in manners, nor in 
similar ideas, neither in the dependence of the dominion of 
one man. No, the true country could not be in material 
things, in particular affections, in simple habits ; it is of a 
higher nature ; it belongs to the moral order. 

Wherever man's rights are guaranteed, wherever he can 
exercise his physical faculties for the welfare of his fellow 
men ; in one word, wherever he is truly a freeman he is at 
home ! That soil is his country, the flag which protects him 
is his banner ! - 

Foreigners ! we are here as citizens, but what citizens ? 
Not as Frenchmen, Irishmen, Spaniards, Canadians, Germans, 
Italians, Russians, Austrians, Scotchmen or Englishmen, but 
as American citizens. We are American citizens who may 
speak different languages, who may differ in religious views, 
but whose hearts and minds should be, must be in unison to 
respect tlje laws of humanity, and to accelerate the wheel of 
progress. 

Far from us the idea to excite the evil passions of na- 
tionalities, sects or partisans, but being in common with all 
other men, inspired with the conscience of humanity, we ap- 
peal to the people — who are all bound together by the tvue 
democratic creed, in a tie of holy brotherhood — there is only 
one humanity, because there is only one God — not to desert 
the great star spangled banner, which is destined to wave in 
the shade of the sign of the Golgotha. 

I have been identified with the Republican party since 



THE PEOP] E VS. PARTISANS. 89 

tlic days of Fremont. I have fought many a contest in its 
ranks. 1 have marched to the held of battle at the sound of 
its glorious tunes. (Forty-five thousands of my countrymen 
protected the Capitol of this country with their breasts, and 
fourteen thousands of them — so says official statistics — have 
paid, with their lives, homage to liberty.) I have suffered 
long and much, in sickness and privations, in the dismal 
swamps of the Carolinas, on the burning sands of the Atlan- 
tic coast, in the muddy fields of Virginia, and in the Western 
regions ; and, with those who stood faithful to the martyr 
Lincoln for five years, I have mourned in our defeats, and re- 
joiced in our \ictories ; but, as Gerrit Smith said, "Alas, the 
Republican party fears to espouse other great moral ideas, lest 
it may thereby lose votes ! When it shall no longer aim to 
carry onward and upward the cause of human rights in all its 
bremth and fulness, the Republican party will sink aud die, 
just as the Democratic party, which fifty years ago, was the 
progressive or reform party, and, therefore, I could not help 
sustain it if it refuses to put the liquor traffic into the category 
of crimes, nay, the chief fountain- head of dlt crimes f 

But it will not be so, all good and honest Republicans, 
men of conviction in that party, as those who may yet re- 
main in the so-called "Democratic" party, will all unite with 
the Prohibitionists, and banish the common enemy from the 
land forever! 

Remember that, while the hungry man deceives his 
stomach with crumbs, these rich liquor men, many of them 
useless fops, fatten their dogs with delicate viands for the 
chase. But the laws of the great Jehovah are immutable. 
Injustice*passes, but principles never perish. The people have 
had too much of this systematic imposition. They will repu- 
diate the heritage of defcth left by custom and bad laws. 

The blood of the American martyrs who died for the 
emancipation of the Negro is not yet so dry that men can for- 
get how that very party which is now quoting the Epistle of 
Timothy in defense of rum, a few years ago was quoting the 
Epistle of Philemon in defence of the Fugitive Slave Law. 
Beware of your enemy, O, workingmen ! There is nothing 
which your rulers would give you which has one twentieth 
part of the importance of prohibition of alcohol ; which will 
do one twentieth a 3 much to elevate you, to make you power- 



00 THE PEOPLE VS. PARTISANS. 

ful for good — politically and socially, to win you respect in 
quarters where you are regarded at present with contempt or 
suspicion. How can you expect to have weight in public 
affairs as long as you are divided and disunited, the cards of 
every juggler, and the pawns of every intriguer? How can 
you hope that your Representatives will do anything else but 
flatter you on the political platform, and betray you in the 
Legislative Halls until you can join hand in hand from Maine 
to California for measures really worth your labor ? 

The highest pursuit in this country is intelligent labor. 
It is not reputable to be without regular and constant employ- 
ment. Who so work with head and hands is here the noble- 
man. The cunning artisan is the Prince. All are equal — all 
are Sovereigns ! 

It is, therefore, the highest province of statesmanship, 
the loftiest duty of patriotism, the hope of liberty, and the 
promise of the regeneration of nations, to take care that in 
America labor be neither degraded or enthralled — as it is by 
the liquor traffic. 

All ask' how long will this drinking custom continue ? 
Better ask how long will be continued that system by which 
such a commerce is authorized and regulated among nations ? 
When will this legalized, organized crime be abolished ? 
When, at last, will it be confessed that the Law of Right is 
superior to the law of speculation ? 

Against the liquor traffic are Reason, Humanity, Relig- 
ion pleading as never before,— Economy asking for mighty 
help, — Health, Peace and Happiness with softest voices pray- 
ing for safeguard, and then Philosophy speaking by some of 
its greatest masters, all reinforced by the irrepressible, irresist- 
able protest of working-men in different nations. 

We appeal to the working classes and the people of all 
countries to join in protesting against this monstrous liquor- 
law altogether as the shame of Christendom, and direct curse 
and scourge of the human race. And when they will co-op- 
erate in this great work of redemption, they will not only be- 
come the saviours of their own households, but benefactors of 
the whole human family. 

With Charles Sumner we say: "A|l hail to the Repub- 
lic, equal guardian of all, and angel of peace ! But we would 
have our country remember, in the discharge of its transcend- 



THE PEOPLE VS. PARTISANS. 9' 

ent duties, that the greatest nation is that which does most tor 
Humanity. " Look you, then, O Americans, that we are not 
surpassed by the Canadian Confederation, by England and 
other countries who are so rapidly — so nobly advancing in the 
great work of Prohibition ! 

Here is a measure ready to your grasp ; a question which 
is indeed the question of the people. The people lose every- 
thing that is to be lost by this traffic. They gain nothing 
that is to be gained. Take care that this state of things does 
not last any longer. The end of this movement is just : the 
means are legitimate ajid practical. The hour of trial is not 
far off. When the hour comes : 

Bj the Futon whioh awaits us; i>y ail the hopes that nasi 

Their faint i.nd trembling henuis neross the blaeknesK of the past : 
Anil by the blessed thought of Him who for earth's freedom died. 
my people o my brothers, ehoose ye the righteous side. 

Let the will of the people sweep away this law and custom, 
which could not exist without them. Away with the enor- 
mous waste of our resources, and the nurseries and instru- 
ments of strife, vice and crushing burdens upon national 
wealth and prosperity ! Let there go forth from the people 
of this and other lands one universal and all-overpowering 
cry and demand for the blessings of prohibition ! 

Up with the Prohibitionists ! No delay, no slumber, no 
moral chloroform. Awake ! and go by twenties, by tens, by 
fives to the polls ; there is the remedy, and the enemy knows 
it well ; that is why he fights us so desperately. Do not be 
discouraged ; do not count your number now ; the little ball 
of snow which starts from the top of the Alps becomes an 
enormous avalanche in the valley. Besides, Christianity is 
with us. Jesus Christ had only twelve apostles, but he con- 
quered the universe ! 

Let us put aside all shades of exclusive/less, all political 
differences, which, in a moment like this, are so little. At 
the present sacred hour, let us fix our eyes exclusively upon 
that holy work, that solemn objtct, the vast dayspring of en- 
franchistd nations, and unite our hearts in an effort worthy 
of the human race ! And when we have freed this noble 
country of this other monstrous slavery, we can truly sing 
with the noble bard, Bryant, of the United States : — 



92 LABOR OMNIA. VINCIT. 



Thou artthe firm unshaken rock 

On whfffh we rest. 
And rising from the hardy stock. 
Thy sons, the tyrants' frown shall mock, 
And slavery's galling chains unlock. 

And free th' oppressed. 
All who the wreath of freedom twine. 
Beneath the shadow of their vine 

Are blast ! 



V. 

LABOR OMNIA VINCIT. 



Let the philosophers and philanthropists encourage the 
public teachers, who are so unfortunately neglected and insuf- 
ficiently appreciated. "Education and sobriety are a better 
safeguard of liberty than a standing army. If" we retrench 
the wages of the schoolmaster, we must raise those of the re- 
cruiting sergeant and the police. " 

Let the public teachers come forth and take no rest as 
long as an ignorant and drunkard can be found. Open the 
eyes of these unfortunates, briDg them from the shadow into 
light, and once blessed by the rays of education, they will 
shudder at the idea of ignorance and drunkenness. There is 
something more terrible than physical slavery ; it is a mental 
degradation f There is something more beautiful than gold 
and fine equipage, and the apparent splendor of mock aris- 
tocracy ; it is an aspiring, and sober educated mind ! 

Let fathers and mothers do their duty, and they will be 
blessed with grateful and devoted children. Let governments 
protect their subjects, and they will have brave defenders, no- 
ble patriots, and honorable citizens. 

Come philosophers, teach, enlighten, illumine, think 
aloud, speak loudly, run joyously into the sunshine, patronize 



HAVE FAITll! T0I1 . AND HOPE ' ' 93 

the public places, announce the glad tidings, spread alphabet 
around, proclaim the right, sing the Marseillaise and Hail Co- 
lumbia ' Sow enthusiasm, pluck green branches from the 
oak. Light, light — let us revert to that cry — light ! 

By education and sobriety we will smooth our troubles 
on earth, and by charity we will acquire happiness in a better 
world. WITH LABOR WE CONQUET* ALL ' 



VI. 



HAYK FAITH ' TOH , AND HOPE 



Once upon a time, was seen on a cliff near Plymouth 
Rock, a man who was writing a name on the stone which had 
been visited only by the eagle of the mountain. Could we 
have read the thoughts of that man, we would have been filled 
with painful emotions ! Beyond the rolling oceans, and the 
shaking forests, he perceived a gray speck, and tears fell from 

his eyes ! The last breath of the exile, the last 

word which escapes his freezing and dying lips, it is the name 
of his native land ! Xobly has Frechett put it in the language 
of the French exile : — 

Ah : OM <iu 'il e*t un lieu dont le nom vou* enflame. 
Et dont le souvenir est mloox (crave duns I'ume. 
i^ne dan* le bronze et le jtranlt. 

C*, lieu, e'est le bereeaa. e'eet la rive cherie. 
Monuume. place aride. ou campa«ne fleurie. 
<oi» de terre au. ehetif. l'nomme a re'-u le jour, 
Q on lappelie Polojrne Irlande ou Slberie. 
Sables, glaco ou pampas, e'est toujour* la Patrie, 
F' m nom-la Teat dire Amour! 

The disappointments of the day can be effaced by the 
joys of the morrow ; but there is not a minute of profound 



94 HAVE FAITH ! TOIL, AND HOPE 1 ! 

and real happiness for him who leels that he will never see 
again the roof which sheltered his cradle, and the modest 
church near which sleep his friends and neighbors ; the place 
where kind friends taught him to take his first steps ; the pla- 
cid waters upon which, in his youth, he has glided in his light 
bark ; the beautiful forest where, while listening to the sweet 
songs of the birds, or gathering the flowers of the woods, his 
intelligence, for the first time, was quickened into admiration 
in contemplating the work of God ! But take courage, ye 
who suffer ; education and progress will relieve you. The 
petty despot's reign is short. They are but shadows; in vain 
they refuse to capitulate. There is an end to them, they will 
resign, and the dark horses of exiles will soon be seen pawn- 
ing at their gates. Right alone exist ! There can be no ob- 
stacles, no veto against the future. No one can hesitate be- 
tween Benedict Arnold and George Washington — Treason 
and Loyalty. Rejoice, O exiles, the hawk will unwillingly 
hatch the Eagle, and the Eagle will span the world with the 
unfurled banner of freedom ; and, with the lightning of EDU- 
CATION and Sobriety, we will light beacons of true liberty 
on every height, every mountain, every river, every ocean, 
every country! And, with the universal republic, exile will 
no longer be possible. Meanwhile, have firmness of heart, 
heads up ; be steady at the helm, — look out for breakers. 
Onward ! upward ! Have faith ! toil and hope ! ! ! 

FIX IS. 



To i he Re mm u. 



I had intended to publish this little work in English and French, in alternate 

i ! I hid entere I into communications with Messrs. I). Applet. m & Co., ol 

iting; but as this firm was so pressed in the printing of school 

work to other printing houses, 1 bad to con 

-tit" with this edition, at least for the present. I will publish, at no distant 
day, another work -"Rehiniscenci o* Amkkk ,\\ Wars" — •• RemiNISI :es< k DKh 
t f.krls AmbEK mnks*'— in Knglish and French, I now offer this work to the 
public in general, and fo the temperance people in particular. Therein i-- con- 
tained enough of solid, condensed reading matter to make a hook double its size, 
and which would sell at fi.SO, all of which I give for the small amount of ">u 
cents. The information you will obtain, and the satisfaction, — we are persuaded 
c, — yon will receive from this boo'; will more linn triple the paltry sum. 
. ; •••. given, unavoidable delay in printing, the expenses [paper 
err high in prices] leaves me no profit, except that ol a moral and men 
til saii-faction. Please,, then, assist rac in scattering the three thousand copies of 
this book; it will not be unprofitable to any and will promite the ciuse of temper- 
ance more than twenty live speeches or ••lecture*." 
On leaving the reader, 1 wish to thank those who so reulily subscribed for ihk 
en before it wa* printed, and to express my hope that my labor has not been 
;n vain. In these degenerate days when all men bow to the sway «f popular opin- 
ion, and are prone, alas, to be ruled by policy more than to follow the guidance of 
reason and judgment. Some may think me toi severe o.- sweeping in my labor; 
e in all sincerity that I desire to love all the great human brotherhood— even 
the enemy— ik ns WILL 1 KT HE, but I also say that I AM PROUD To BE \mo\<; I HE 
FEW WHO I FAR NOT TO STEM THE CURRPNI OF POPULAR OPINION AM' STKlKfc 

v rolU BLOW FOR nit: RH. HI'. Ami 



••-Sei/e upon truth wherever found 
On christian or on heathen ''round. 



THE AITIIO 



Errata. 

In the making ..!" a Look, -ome typographical errors—in spelling or misplacing 
m intelligent reader will quickly understand that. 
,\ ignph, at 2d line, read chloroform or ether ; and at the 3d 

te paragraph >, instead of "Chloroform and this Anaesthetic' 

In the hr>t there is always alcohol, and in the latter it form; '.nc "f it> principal 
ixide of elbyl, and ether, oxide of ethyl with- 
out wal . •hereforc. that to convert alcohol into ether, it is only neces- 
sary to al>stract the water of the former. 

Read specie* instead of specie at page ('/■',. first paragraph, 3d line 
Also, *n American n I of the American writer, at page 40. 8th 

ue. 



Notes. 



AHraha.31 XZAX'OZ-.V was known by the world, but few know the 
fact that he fell a martyr by the effect of the liquor law. which had crazed Booth 
with brandy before the deed. and. in this remorseless condition— that of a raging 
fiend, he shot dewn that noble President,— the nation's hepe, the people's best 
friend I 

GERRITT SMITH was the benefactor of all races; always following the 
injunction of the Master: "Inasmuch as ye shall do unto one of the least of these 
my brethren, yo shall do unto me and ye shall go unto life everlasting." His 
manor, at Peterboro, New York, which we visited several times, and where thou- 
sands had come from all parts of the world to pay homage to this truly noble man, 
was, indeed, a happy home 1 

.JOSEPH noUTRE, of Montreal, is the Doctor of law who was the leading 
advocate in the case of Joseph Guibobd— refusal of sepulture— which was the 
greatest trial on the American continent. The privy Council of the Queen of 
England affirmed the decision of Judge Nondelet. and the remains of the hon- 
est printer Guibord were buried as first requested by i/instttut Canadian— not, 
however, without the protection of the military from the mob. Thus England de- 
cided that wherever her flag floats the Slate rules— not the church Amen!! 

T.ouis .JOSEPH PAP1VEAU was. as that other fearless patriot. Wil- 
liam Lyon McKenzie. to Canada what Patrick Henry was to tho United States; 
Kossuth to Hungary ; O'Connell to Ireland ; Victor Hugo, Barbes, Louis Blanc have 
been to France. Wo had the honor to receive— in 1870— the last political letter of 
Mb. Papineau, (which we published in both languages in our French-English 
weekly, Lb Citoyen Americain— and in the leading papers of New York— at th« 
time) ; and, although he was in his 85th vear of age, he was as energetic and 
scathing in his rebukes of the Tories, and ardent, in his love for the one million of 
his countrymen emigrated to the United States, and for Republican institutions- 
presenting powerful arguments for the annexation of Canada to the Republic— as 
he was. when, at 22 years of age, the Speaker of the House of Parliament at 
yuebec— he thundered against the enemies of his people. His remains lie in the 
family vault attached to his chateau at Montabello, Papineauville, below Ottawa. 

ATjTJ. CURTIS, A. M., M. Z>.. is the founder of the Physio-Medical Col- 
lege of Ohio [first medical college where female students were admitted] and fcr 
thirty years Professor of institute and practice of medicine in this and other col- 
leges; author of several very important medical works, and for thirty years edi- 
tor of the "Medical Recorder." 

JtTCJlAT, the eminent French surgeon, said: "Medicine is an 7 incoherent 
assemblage of incoherent ideas, and is, perhaps, of all the physiological sciences, 
that which best shows the caprice of the human mind ; what did I say ? It is not, 
a science for a methodical mind. It is a shapeless assemblage of inaccurate 
ideas, of observations often puerile, of deceptive remedies, and of formuhe as 
fantastically conceived as they are tediously arranged." But Dr. Curtis was one 
of the first to prove by established principles and positive inductions that medi- 
cine is a demonstrative science— in the hands cf the truly learned and honest 
physician, whe treats disease as a unite, and uses harmless and innocent feme- 
dies ;i!ways assisting nature, and that only.- Then, the innumerable and miserable 
failures of those numberless en-atie physicians "would not be attributed," as 
Prof. S. Jackson, of the Pennsylvania University, says, "to the nature of Science 
itself, but to the manner of its cultivation." 

DR. CURTIS is an accomplished scholar, of consummate skill as a physi- 
cian and surgeon, an erudite philosopher, giving always a triumphant refutation 
of the false doctrines of materialism, presenting as beautifully in the lecturing 
room as in his hooks, his favorite ideas of the vital force as opposod to the chemical 
and mechanical. It was our good fortune to be a pupil of this great teacher, and it is 
with pleasure that we remember the agreeable hours passed, twenty years ago, 
with the many apt students wh< i had corns from all parts of the Continent to re- 
ceive the advantageous education from his fatherly mind. 



notes. 97 

During our twenty years of battles for many reforms, in tho hours of isola- 
tion, hatred and persecutions of all kinds; in those hours of trial when we seorn- 
fullv'refused the bribing hand tendered to .-ilence us. we looked ui>on such a man 
ar Alm Cobxib for exemplary encouragement. He has been engaged in « 'ono 
struggle for trut/t. His mind o >noentmting apon the elimination of facts, and, 
in pursuit of what he deems right, he seeks not for the 
poraries. He knows fall well that principle* mttft survir 

is truly a medieal hero whose opinion* will paaa bo posterity 
AT*, already U I against him are lying broken at his feet, whilst 

i weaving a crown cl laurels to plane on bis nolle head/ Although very 
much advanced in age, -till teaching and writing in the College auTl 

at hl» home in Cincinnati, and. Inflexible In his oot>vlotlon of truth, he pursues as 
ayar, his onward course, with an earnestness and real characteristic of the man. 
May his life be prolonged manv years yet, and his Looks rind their way into many 
Specially where the afflicted dwell, -they icitl prove a blessing to all ! 
Hi: >/ 1 /. / > \ ;• i/>/ was the author of "Medical and J'hysiological 
Ooaunemtorie*," 'Therapeutic* and Materia Medico,' Physiology of the Soul, and 
instinct as distinguished from Materialism." 'The Institutes of Medicines." "Physi- 
ology of Ingestion," "Philosophy of Vitality." "Throratical Geology." etc.. etc. He 
was a profound philosopher, of a rare genius, and of unsurpassed learning. The 
immense amount of labor he so well performed is amazing. It offers so wide a 
field for contemplation and study as to till us with surprise that one man could 
have accomplished so muoh. He died in New York, at a very old age, not long 
since. 

/"( /s BOJTOJU 1 ni< iiitte. of Montreal. Member of Parliament, has 
been called by Longfellow a most powerful pott. He is the author of (in poetry) 
La son d'un Exile' .' "Pele-Mele." "L'oitatra." "Les oiseaux de 
neige. In prose :— "I.ettres a' ISasile." " I'ne toii.[Te <le Cheveujr blatics," "Une rencon- 
tre fortutte" (translation from M. P. Haweller). Dramas:— "FelU Poutre." "L'exile 
I." ' Pojrineem." Comedies s-^ "La Confederation," "Lea Xotables du Village." 
Opera:— "Llroijuoise." Mr. Frechette is a brilliant orator and known for his de- 
votijn to the oppressed. Whilst he was the editor of robserrateur, in Chicago, he 
se in the largest Franco-American convention ever held in 
intry, which we organized in Detroit in lst>7. and which continued its 
. and iu Chicago, during which the delegates presented an 
address to Mrs Abraham Lincoln. 

f.iMi-uii.t: I..- MAY, of Quebec city. French-Canadian National Poet 
translated Longfellow's "Evangeline" into seven hundred French verses, for 
which he has been highly complimented by the poet of Cambridge. This noble 
eitizen is still singing of his ooantrv and liberty. 

11 >/ / / i i> 1. 1 /.- /; / s<< \ „ roI „ us In 1875 : "I thank you for your work 
"Transition." In all its denunciation of the ruinous traffic in intoxicating liquors, 
•ppeal in behalf of the Prohibition cause. I most heartily concur. It is 
vary since I gave my signature to the pledge of total absti- 
many continue blind to the (act, that moderate drinking is 
1 nhill road to drnnkenni 
1: 1 1 . - 1 mi 1 1 .1. 1/1 1 iraa well known in connection with Garrison, 
tlerritt Smith, Wendell Phillippa and others as conductors of the underground 
ide their way to Canada. He was mobbed— 
with :hos.- fiends— many a time by the Immaenlatel ? ?) "Democratic"— pro-slave- 
ry men I . !!■■ was the ohieS actor In the famous fugitive slave Jei-ry res- 
ad the honor to be implicated In similar enterprise, 
:n the rescue of the fugitive slave mulatto, Chas. Nolle, at Troy, X. Y.. in 1859], 
ian any otr.nr man it was a blessing for us to have known him. he had the 
persecuted: "Father, forgive them, for tiey know 
not what th-y do."— for he was. indeed, "the friend of all men/" His heart was 
_ " take in all humanity, especially the poor, the wronged, the friend- 
d this quality was not mere geniality. It brooded into a great stream of 
Christian charity— charity to the distressed immigrant, to the African, to the In- 
.e. to Catholic and Protestant, to those who differed from 
. him. The rabbi., mobbed him during the war, in Syracuse. 
■rat his funeral thousands gathered around the 
- begun, hundreds of Sabbath 
: a statue of Mr May is now 
at of the high s hool of that city. [Mr- May had caused corporal 
punlshi In public schools in his county] ; how time 

1 lb ! well may we have said with that other philanthropist— Andrew 

Cornell University, (now U. S. Minister to Russia), at the 

' Samuel Hay: "Hen an. the most truly Ohriatian man I have 

ever known : tl : the fullest of faith, hope and charity; the 

"0 Mr. May wrote us: "The ravages of drunkenness in our country 



9 8 



NOTES. 



domestic unhappinesa and more crimes than all other evil Influeo •<■-. A- U 
cation, it is. 'especially' Id our country-, a matter of prima h 
undertaking t<> govern themselves. Bhould be well Instructed. I hav* 
thought that universal suffrage will be the ruin of our natl 
an be educated and sober. JTou have my cordial support." 

HOB ACE QREEL i: ) once wr< I I know n tern- 
prone to ex s, they are not a^ familiar as others w with 

its ien . however, that yoa are forming i ed- 

ucational .-■ eg our ad atrymen of Fran ih extract 

.i.n .\ i VfUKlXHON, in 187 T thank you most heartily for 

tnc honor d ahes for the >rk." 

REV. DR. Til union I : L. CV1 l.l i: 
bless and prosper your wort : I wish I were a rich man to aid yon. • bul 
salary I sei lordial tegards and good 

wish< 

DRS. 1/0/7. 11 in \; . B I CHAT, VEESOM were eminent BUr- 
; known by medical men. 

t III V ill lit 1>1 LOR1 Mil ,.. fo rolaTi 

the writer by the 

- with Hin< . Di 

Chenier refi id fallen, piercd by several halls at the d' 

the church -h<\ in whiob th few bun 

refuge, an'-! I by tw> 1 1 Gov. 

1 uer refused him the 

ath. This 
aol Was worthy of the tyr: 

in \ \ ,'s / : i \ i i m i n , //, / ■/.-. u. r 1 1: i 

in:, r M i i;) t ODER I I 

isting and dang 

of rhe 
medical pr i mob" from th< 

virus. He 
.. the con- 
i 
WB8. YOUMAH . whe has 

work for Prol irked 

with Mr--. You man d 
Lof wl 

/.■/ V. DRS. I "WV / /.• J n /> < UOM 
and phllanl 

/•//.•/ '/ I i I l Ol \ ,, . , , • 

/ IT HER MATHEWS 

./on i i it i \ ii \i h i bero 

- 
. and by 1 1 
of Whittler. 
that fi 

MR8. a i I 

MARIA CHI I /'. V 

• ry intelligent ami r< mmon 

work • 
which w World", • 

- 
that ull th 

JOB tf N. STEARNS is be Na- 

tionalTemi I both 

hemisi ' prohibition. We 

sincerely n 

- 
doubt broken down by very hard work. 



NOTES. 99 

LUCBET/A JV*OTT. Her memory will ever be green in the minds of all true 
and free Americans, and foreign philanthropists. 

MJts. WITT.EN3IE YEJt was for a long time President of the Women's 
Christian Temperance Union of the U. S. and is still engaged in the battle against 
the common foe. 

Let us not omit, in finishing these notes of persons and incidents mentioned 
in this book, and which refer to them, that the late Mgr. Conkoy— envoy of 
his holiness the Pope— had caused reformation among their lordships, the Bishops 
and Priests of Canada, by preventing the mixture of polities with religion— in the 
piHpits, and at doors of churches, where, heretofore, to the shame of Christians, 
political meetings were held on Sunday after divine services, in the Province of 
Quebec. Long live the memory of Bishop Convoy, So much gained. Let us hope ! 



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